The Wing reference article from the English Wikipedia on 24-Apr-2004 (provided by Fixed Reference: snapshots of Wikipedia from wikipedia.org)

Wing

For some other uses of the word "wing" please see Wing (disambiguation).

Table of contents

1 Definitions and Use 2 Artificial Wings 2.1 Terms used to describe aeroplane wings 2.2 Design Features 2.3 Wing Types 2.4 Science of Wings

Definitions and Use

A wing is a surface used to produce an aerodynamic force normal to the direction of motion by travelling in air or another gaseous medium. The first use of the word was for the foremost limbs of birds, but has been extended to include other animal limbs and man made devices.

The commonest use of wings is to fly by deflecting air downwards to produce lift, but wings are also commonly used as a way to produce downforce and hold objects to the ground (for example racing cars).

Artificial Wings

Terms used to describe aeroplane wings

• Leading edge: the front edge of the wing
• Trailing edge: the back edge of the wing
• Span: distance from wing tip to wing tip
• Chord: distance from wing leading edge to wing trailing edge, usually measured parallel to the long axis of the fuselage
• aspect ratio: ratio of span to standard mean chord

Design Features

Aeroplane wings may feature some of the following:

• A rounded leading edge cross-section
• A sharp trailing edge cross-section
• Leading-edge devices such as slats or slots
• Trailing-edge devices such as flaps
• Ailerons (usually near the wingtips) to provide roll control
• Spoilers on the upper surface to disrupt lift

Wing Types

• Dihedral wings, which have an angle between them, have inherent stability in roll. As the aircraft rolls, one wing generates more lift, rolling the aircraft back into position.
• Swept wings are good for fast aircraft. They present the wing at an angle to the airflow, so that the wing "sees" a slower airflow.
• Elliptical wings are theoretically optimum for efficiency at subsonic speeds.
• Delta wings have reasonable performance at subsonic and supersonic speeds.
• Waveriders are efficient supersonic wings.
• Rogallo wings are two hollow half-cones of fabric, one of the simplest wings to construct.
• Swing-wings (or variable geometry wings) are able to move in flight to give the benefits of dihedral and delta wing. Although they were originally proposed for the unbuilt Boeing 2707, they are currently only found on some military fighter aircraft such as the Panavia Tornado and General Dynamics F-111.

Science of Wings

The amount of lift produced by a wing increases with the angle of attack (the angle between the onset flow and the chord line) but this relationship ends once the stall angle is reached. At this angle the airflow starts to separate from the upper surface, and any further increase in angle of attack gives no more lift (it may actually reduce) and gives a large increase in drag.

Wing design is complicated and very tightly associated with the science of aerodynamics.

• A helicopter uses a rotating wing with a varible pitch or angle to provide a directional force.
• The space shuttle uses its wings only for lift during its descent.

Constructions of the same purpose as wings, but working in liquid media instead are generally called fins with hydrodynamics as the governing science.

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