The Walloon language reference article from the English Wikipedia on 24-Apr-2004 (provided by Fixed Reference: snapshots of Wikipedia from wikipedia.org)

Walloon language

Walloon (Walon) is a regional romance language spoken in Belgium, similar to French and sometimes considered a French dialect. It should not be confused with Belgian French, which diverges from the French of France only in vocabulary and pronunciation.

Walloon (Walon)
Spoken in:	Belgium, isolated pockets in France and the United States>USA
First language speakers:	?
Second language speakers	?
Genetic classification:	Indo-European  Italic   Romance    Italo-Western     Western      Gallo-Iberian       Gallo-Romance        Gallo-Rhaetian         Oïl          Walloon
Official status
Official language of:	None
Regulated by:	None
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	wa
ISO 639-2:	win

Table of contents

1 Geographic distribution 1.1 Walloon 1.2 Dialects 1.3 Other regional languages 2 Language family 3 History 4 Walloon society and culture 5 Example phrases 6 See also 7 External links

Geographic distribution

Walloon

Walloon is spoken in Wallonia (in Southern Belgium). It is also spoken in:

• a small part of France, the botte de Givet in northern Ardennes, and several villages in the Nord département
• a small region Green Bay, Wisconsin, USA, owing to fairly large-scale immigration there in the 19th century
• Brussels, by some Walloon residents
• two or three villages in Luxembourg (Doncols, Sonlez), though it is possibly already extinct there

Dialects

Four dialects are to be found in Wallonia, in four distinct zones. Eastern Walloon is spoken around Liège, Central Walloon around Namur, Western Walloon in the Nivelles-Charleroi-Chimay area, and Southern Walloon in the Ardennes. Despite local phonetic differences, there is a movement, called the "rfondou walon", towards the adoption of a common spelling. This orthography is based on diasystems that can be pronounced differently by different readers, a concept inspired by the spelling of Breton. The written forms attempt to reconcile current phonetic uses with ancient traditions (notably the reintroduction of xh and oi) and the language's own phonological logic.

Other regional languages

Other regional languages spoken in Wallonia, outside the Walloon domain, are:

• Picard, in Mons, Ath, and Tournai
• Gaumais, in Virton
• Champenois, in Bohan
• Luxembourgish, in Arlon and Martelange

Language family

Walloon is a langue d'oïl, that is to say a northern romance language, like French. It distinguishes itself from other langues d'oïl primarily by its significant borrowing from Germanic languages as expressed in its phonetics, its lexicon, and its grammar. On the other hand, Walloon phonetics are singularly conservative: the language has stayed fairly close to the form it took on during the high Middle Ages.

History

It is inappropriate to speak of a "date of birth" for Walloon, partly because languages are not born overnight. From a linguistic point of view, Louis Remacle has shown that a good number of the developments that we now consider typical of Walloon appeared between the 8th and 12th centuries. Walloon "had a clearly defined identity from the beginning of the 13th century". In any case, linguistic texts from the time do not mention the language, even though they mention others in the langue d'oïl family, such as Picard and Lorrain. During the 15th century, scribes in the region called the language "Roman" when they needed to distinguish it. It is not until the beginning of the 16th century that we find the first occurence of the word "Walloon" in the same linguistic sense that we use it today. In 1510 or 1511, Jean Lemaire de Belges made the connection between "Rommand" to "Vualon":

Et ceux cy [les habitants de Nivelles] parlent le vieil langage Gallique que nous appellons Vualon ou Rommand (...). Et de ladite ancienne langue Vualonne, ou Rommande, nous usons en nostre Gaule Belgique: Cestadire en Haynau, Cambresis, Artois, Namur, Liege, Lorraine, Ardenne et le Rommanbrabant, et est beaucoup differente du François, lequel est plus moderne, et plus gaillart.

And those people [the inhabitants of Nivelles] speak the old Gallic language which we call Vualon or Rommand (...). And we use the said old Vualon or Rommand language in our Belgian Gaul: That is to say in Hainaut, Cambrai, Artois, Namur, Liège, Lorraine, Ardennes and Rommand Brabant, and it is very different from French, which is more fashionable and courtly.

The word "Walloon" thus came closer to its current meaning: the vernacular of the Roman part of the Netherlands and of Liège. One might say that the period which saw the establishment of the unifying supremacy of the Burgundians in the Walloon country was a turning-point in our linguistic history. The crystallization of a Walloon identity as opposed to that of the thiois (i.e. Flemish) regions of the Low Countries, established "Walloon" as a word for designating its people. Somewhat later, the vernacular of these people became more clearly distinct from central French and other neighbouring langues d'oïl, prompting the abandonment of the vague term "Roman" as a linguistic, ethnic, and political designator for "Walloon".

Also at this time, following the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts in 1539, the French language replaced Latin for all administrative puropses in France. French was established as the academic language and became the object of a political effort at normalization, La Pléiade, which posited the view that when two languages of the same linguistic family coexist, each can define itself only in opposition to the other. Around the year 1600, the French writing system became dominant in the Wallonia. From this time, too, dates a tradition of texts written in a language marked by traces of spoken Walloon. The written language of the preceding centuries, scripta, was a composite language with some Walloon characteristics but not attempting to be a systematic reproduction of the spoken language.

Walloon society and culture

Walloon was the predominant language of the Walloon people until the beginning of the 20th century, even though they had a passive knowledge of French. Since that time, the use of French has spread to the extent that now only 30-40% of the Walloon population speak their ancestral language. Breaking the statistics down by age, 70-80% of the population aged over 60 speak Walloon, while only about 10% of those under 30 do so. Passive knowledge of Walloon is much more widespread: claimed by some 36-58% of the younger age bracket.

Legally, Walloon has been recognized since 1990 by the Communauté française de Belgique (the relevant authority in cultural matters for Wallonia) as an "indigenous regional language" which must be studied in schools and encouraged. The Walloon cultural movement includes the Union Culturelle Wallonne, an organization of over 200 amateur theatre circles, writers' groups, and school councils. About a dozen Walloon magazines publish regularly, and the Société de Langue et de Littérature Wallonne, founded in 1856, promotes Walloon literature and the study (dialectology, etymology, etc.) of the regional Roman languages of Wallonia.

Example phrases

Walloon	English
Walon	Walloon
Diè wåde	God keep you / Hello
Bondjoû	Good day / Hello
A	Hi (often followed by another expression)
Arvèy	Goodbye
Come on-z a dit	Bye
Commint vos d'allez?	How are you?
Du n'sais nie	I don't know

See also

• Walloons – the people
• Wallonia – the region
• Belgian French – French as spoken in Belguim
• Dialect – "dialect" or "language"

External links

• Walloon language wiki
• Union Culturelle Wallonne

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