Tumulus

A tumulus (plural tumuli) is a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves. Tumuli are also known as barrows or burial mounds and can be found throughout much of the world. A tumulus composed largely or entirely of stones is usually referred to as a cairn.

Examples of barrows include Duggleby Howe and Maes Howe.

In Britain, early references to tumuli were made by William Camden, John Aubrey, and William Stukeley. During the 19th Century in England the excavation of tumuli was a popular passtime amongst the educated and wealthy middle classes who became known as "barrow-diggers". This leisure activity played a key role in laying the foundations for the scientific study of the past in England.

Table of contents

1 Types of barrows 2 List of notable barrow diggers 3 References 4 External links

Types of barrows

Archaeologists often classify tumuli according to their location, form, and date of construction. Some British types are listed below:

• Bank barrow A Neolithic feature comprising a very long, narrow earthen mound. It may be of single-phase construction, or be the addition of a linear extension to the bank of a pre-existing Long Barrow.
• Bell barrow A Bronze Age circular mound and ditch, separated from each other by a berm. The ditch may be accompanied by an external (or sometimes internal) bank.
• Bowl barrow is a circular barrow consisting of a mound surrounded by a ditch, without a berm in between. The ditch may have an external bank. Generally of Bronze Age date.
• D-shaped barrow A round barrow with a purposefully flat edge at one side often defined by stone slabs
• Fancy barrow A generic term for any Bronze Age barrows more elaborate than a simple hemispherical shape.
• Long barrow A rectangular or trapezoidal earthen mound of Neolithic date, usually accompanied by flanking or encircling ditches, and normally associated with human remains. A generic term as a long barrow's form and associated features can vary considerably.
• Oval barrow A type of Neolithic long barrow consisting of an elliptical, rather than rectangular or trapezoidal mound.
• Platform barrow The least common of the recognised types of round barrow, consisting of a flat, wide circular mound, which may be surrounded by a ditch. They occur widely across southern England with a marked concentration in East and West Sussex.
• Pond barrow a barrow consisting of a shallow circular depression, surrounded by a bank running around the rim of the depression. Bronze age
• Ring barrow a bank which encircles a number of burials.
• Round barrow a circular feature created by the Bronze Age peoples of Britain and also the later Vikings and Saxons. Divided into sub classes such as saucer and bell barrow
• Saucer barrow circular Bronze Agebarrow featuring a low, wide mound surrounded by a ditch which may be accompanied by an external bank.
• Square barrow A burial site, usually of Iron Age date, consisting of a small, square, ditched enclosure surrounding a central burial, which may also have been covered by a mound

• Thomas Bateman
• Sir Richard Colt Hoare
• William Cunnington
• Rev. Bryan Faussett
• Canon William Greenwell
• Llewellyn Jewitt
• Rev. W. C. Lukis
• John Robert Mortimer
• Augustus Pitt Rivers
• John Thurman
• Charles Warne

• English Heritage Monument Class Descriptions