The Texas reference article from the English Wikipedia on 24-Apr-2004 (provided by Fixed Reference: snapshots of Wikipedia from wikipedia.org)

Texas

Alternate meanings: See Texas (disambiguation)

Texas

State nickname: Lone Star State
Other U.S. States
Capital	Austin
Largest City	Houston
Area  - Total  - Land  - Water  - % water	Ranked 2nd 696,241 km² 678,907 km² 17,333 km² 2.5%
Population  - Total (2000)  - Density	Ranked 2nd 20,851,820 30/km²
Admittance into Union  - Order  - Date	28th December 29, 1845
Time zone	Central: UTC-6/-5 Mountain: UTC-7/-6 All but some of west Texas is in Central
Latitude Longitude	25°50'N to 36°30'N 93°31'W to 106°38'W
Width Length Elevation   -Highest   -Mean   -Lowest	1,065 km 1,270 km   2,667 meters 520 meters 0 meters
ISO 3166-2:	US-TX

Texas is a state of the United States of America. It has the postal abbreviation TX.

The state name derives from a word in the Hasinai Caddoan language, tayshas, meaning friends or allies; Spanish explorers mistakenly applied the word to the people and their location.

The state flower is the bluebonnet (Lupinus texensis); the state motto is "Friendship." The state nickname is The Lone Star State, after the single star on the state flag. The state tree is the pecan and the state bird is the mockingbird. The state dish is chili con carne. The state insect is the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus). The official state song of Texas is Texas Our Texas.

The pledge to the Texas Flag is:

Honor the Texas Flag

I pledge allegiance to thee

Texas, one, and indivisible

With an area of 690,000 km², Texas forms the second-largest US state in size after Alaska and has historically been portrayed as larger than life, especially in cowboy films.

Table of contents

1 Location 2 History 2.1 The Republic of Texas (1836-1845) 3 Important dates: 4 Law and government 5 Geography 5.2 Interstate highways 5.3 United States highways 6 Economy 7 Demographics 8 Important cities and towns 9 Education 9.4 Colleges and universities 10 Professional sports teams 11 Miscellaneous information 11.5 Further reading 12 See also 13 External links

Location

Texas is bordered to the west by New Mexico, to the north by Oklahoma (across the Red River), and to the east by Louisiana (across the Sabine River) and Arkansas. To the southwest, across the Rio Grande, Texas borders the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas. To the southeast of Texas lies the Gulf of Mexico.

Texas is located in the south-central part of the United States. Depending on who you talk to (and which part of Texas they are from), Texas is part of the US South or the US Southwest. Texas shares some cultural elements with both regions, with more similarities with the South, especially Louisiana, in the eastern part of the state, and more similarities with the Southwest, especially New Mexico, in western Texas.

History

Native American inhabitants of present-day Texas included: Apache, Atakapa, Bidai, Caddo, Comanche, Karankawa, Kiowa, Tonkawa, and Wichita.

On November 6, 1528 shipwrecked Spanish conquistador Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca became the first known European to set foot on Texas.

Texas can claim that 'Six Flags' have flown over its soil: the Fleur-de-lis of France, and the national flags of Spain, Mexico, the Republic of Texas, the United States of America and the Confederate States of America.

Texas formed part of the Spanish colony of New Spain; see Spanish Texas for details.

After Mexican independence in 1821 Texas became a part of Mexico. See Mexican Texas.

Also see Texas Revolution.

The Republic of Texas (1836-1845)

Apart from aboriginal nations, Texas became the first sovereign nation which the United States annexed. (Other such annexations followed: the California Republic and the Republic of Hawaii.) The area now known as "Texas" comprised The Republic of Texas from 1836 to 1845.

Important dates:

• 1519. Alonso Alvarez de Pineda, a Spanish explorer, became probably the first European to map the Texas coast.
• 1528 - 1534. Álvar Nuñez Cabeça de Vaca, another Spanish explorer, spent six years visiting Texas for trade.
• 18 February 1685. René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de LaSalle established Fort St. Louis at Matagorda Bay, thus laying claim to Texas by France.
• 1700 - 1799. Spain established Catholic missions in Texas throughout the 18th century.
• 3 January 1823. Stephen F. Austin began a colony of 300 families in the Brazos River region. This group became known as the "Old Three Hundred".
• 26 June 1832. The Battle of Velasco resulted in the first casualties of the developing Texas Revolution.
• 1832 - 1833. The "Conventions" of 1832 and 1833 responded to rising unrest at the policies of the ruling Mexican government. Policies that most irritated the Texans included the Mexican ban on slavery, the forcible disarmament of Texan settlers, and the expulsion of illegal immigrants from the United States of America. The example of the Centralista forces' suppression of dissidents in Zacatecas also inspired fear of the Mexican government.
• Texas Revolution Early in 1835, Stephen F. Austin announced that only war with Mexico could secure Texan freedom.
• 2 October 1835. Texans fought a Mexican Cavalry detachment at the town of Gonzales, which began the actual revolution.
• 28 October 1835. At the "Battle of Concepcion", 90 Texans defeated 450 Mexicans.
• 2 March 1836. The "Convention of 1836" signed the Texas "Declaration of Independence", making an attempt at a clear break from Mexican rule.
• 6 March 1836. A Mexican army (numbering 4,000 to 5,000) besieged approximately 190 Texans, led by William B. Travis, at the Alamo in San Antonio. The thirteen-day siege resulted in the deaths of all of the defenders, including Davy Crockett, Jim Bowie and Travis.
• 27 March 1836. By the order of General Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana, the Mexicans executed James Fannin and nearly 400 Texans in the Massacre at Goliad. These place-names (which place-names??) line the Rotunda of the Capitol in Austin.
• 21 April 1836. General Santa Ana, having defeated the Texas rebellion, while conducting mopping up operations advanced to San Jacinto in pursuit of the fleeing rebels. Led by Sam Houston, the Texans won their independence in one of the most decisive battles in history when they defeated the Mexican forces of Santa Ana at the Battle of San Jacinto. Houston's army of 800 killed or captured the entire Mexican force of 1,600 men, themselves sufferring only nine fatal casualties. Santa Ana himself passed into captivity.
• 14 May 1836. Republic of Texas Officials and General Santa Ana signed the treaty of Velasco.
• 1836. Five cities served as temporary capitals of Texas (Washington-on-the-Brazos, Galveston, Harrisburg, Velasco, and Columbia) before Sam Houston moved the capital to Houston in 1837.
• 5 March 1842. A Mexican force of over 500 men, led by Rafael Vasquez, invaded Texas for the first time since the revolution. They soon headed back to the Rio Grande after briefly occupying San Antonio.
• 11 September 1842. 1400 Mexican troops, led by Adrian Woll, captured San Antonio again. They retreated, as before, but with prisoners this time.
• 29 December 1845. President James K. Polk of the United States of America followed through on a campaign platform promising to annex Texas, and signed legislation making Texas the 28th state of the United States.
• 9 September 1850. The Compromise of 1850 strips Texas of 1/3 of its claimed territory (now parts of Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Wyoming) in return for the federal government assuming $10 million of Texas's pre-annexation debt.
• 1 February 1861. Following a 171 to 6 vote by the "Secession Convention", Texas seceded from the Union, Sam Houston opposing.
• 30 March 1870. The United States Congress readmitted Texas into the Union.

Law and government

The capital of Texas is Austin, also known as the "Live Music Capital of the World." The state Capitol is loosely modeled after the Capitol Building in Washington, DC, except that it is built of pink granite and its dome is topped by a statue of the "Goddess of Liberty," holding aloft a five-point Texas star. The capitol building is taller than the national capitol, but less massive.

Republican Rick Perry has served as Governor of Texas since December 2000; two Republicans represent Texas in the U.S. Senate: Kay Bailey Hutchison (since 1993) and John Cornyn (since 2002)

Texas has a republican government with separation of powers and a bill of rights more inclusive than the federal Bill of Rights. The executive branch consists of an elected Governor ("first among equals"), Lieutenant Governor, Attorney General, Land Commissioner, Agriculture Commissioner, three Railroad Commissioners, the state board of education, a governor-appointed Secretary of State and the bureaucracy. As a consequence of having so many officials elected, the Governor is fairly weak and has few powers. It is widely accepted and believed that the Lieutenant Governor has more power than the Governor, since he heads the State Senate and appoints committees. The Governor commands the state militia and can veto bills passed by the Legislature and call special sessions of the Legislature. He also appoints members of various executive boards and fills judicial vacancies between elections.

The Legislature of Texas has two chambers, a 150-member House of Representatives and a 31-member Senate. The House is led by the speaker of the house (currently Tom Craddick R-Midland), and the State Senate is led by the Lieutenant Governor (currently Republican David Dewhurst). The Legislature meets in regular session only once every two years.

The judicial system of Texas has been called one of the most complex in the United States, if not the world, with many layers and many overlapping jursidictions. Texas has two highest courts, the Texas Supreme Court for civil cases, and the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals. All of the judges at all levels of the judiciary are elected in partisan elections (vacancies are filled by governor appointments), except for some municipal benches.

Texas has 254 counties which are run by a county commissioners' court headed by a county judge (elected by the entire county). Every county maintains a constitutionally required county courthouse.

Geography

Texas has five major topographic regions: 1) The Coastal Plain, from the Gulf of Mexico inland to about San Antonio and just southeast of Austin. 2) The Balcones, a hilly rocky area in east central Texas. 3) The Great Plains region extends into northern Texas, including the Llano Estacado and the Panhandle high plains. 4) The North Central Plains. 5) The Trans Pecos Desert.

Texas is divided into 254 counties; See: List of Texas counties

Interstate highways

• Interstate 10
• Interstate 20
• Interstate 25
• Interstate 27
• Interstate 30
• Interstate 35
• Interstate 37
• Interstate 40
• Interstate 44
• Interstate 45
• Interstate 69 (proposed extension)

United States highways

North-south routes	East-west routes
U.S. Highway 59 U.S. Highway 259 U.S. Highway 67 U.S. Highway 69 U.S. Highway 75 U.S. Highway 175 U.S. Highway 271 U.S. Highway 77 U.S. Highway 277 U.S. Highway 377 U.S. Highway 79 U.S. Highway 81 U.S. Highway 181 U.S. Highway 281 U.S. Highway 83 U.S. Highway 183 U.S. Highway 285 U.S. Highway 385 U.S. Highway 87 U.S. Highway 287 U.S. Highway 96 (north-south despite number)	U.S. Highway 54 U.S. Highway 57 (east-west despite number) U.S. Highway 60 U.S. Highway 62 U.S. Highway 70 U.S. Highway 66 (historic Route 66) U.S. Highway 80 U.S. Highway 180 U.S. Highway 380 U.S. Highway 82 U.S. Highway 84 U.S. Highway 90 U.S. Highway 190 U.S. Highway 290

Economy

Texas remained lagely rural until World War II, with cattle ranching, oil, and agriculture as its main industries. In 1926 San Antonio was the largest city in Texas with over 120,000 people.

After World War II, Texas has become increasingly industralized. Its economy (circa 2000) is relies largely on information technology, oil and natural gas, energy exploration and energy trading, agriculture, and manufacturing. The two major economic centers are the Houston Metropolitan Area, centered in Houston, and Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex, centered on those two cities. Houston stands the center of the petrochemical and NASA trades while Dallas is the center of the agricultural and information technology labor market in Texas. Other Major cities include Brownsville, Lubbock, Amarillo, McAllen, Tyler, Odessa and Midland. Other important cities include El Paso, Eagle Pass, and Laredo; these have particular significance due to their location at the borderline with Mexico, making them important trade points.

The state passed New York in the 1990s to become the second-largest U.S. state in population after California. Texas's growth stems largely from the availability of jobs, the low cost of living, the generally high living-standard, the lack of a state income tax, low taxation of business, limited government (the state legislature of Texas meets only once every two years), warm weather, and perhaps the perception that Texans are friendly people.

Demographics

As of 2000, the state had a population of 20,851,820.

Texas has a large number of "Latinos", some of whom have recently immigrated from Mexico, Central America, and South America. Others, known as Tejanos, have ancestors who have lived in Texas since before independence from Mexico, or at least for several generations. Unlike other United States states that border Mexico, the culture of Texas gradually merges into that of Mexico. The result is a vibrant border region.

Texas has been largely fortunate in generally avoiding the racial and ethnic problems found in many southern states, the state of California, and large cities of the Northeast. Much of this is because Texas's immigrant population and cultural connections with Mexico are considered to have a highly positive influence on the state's economy.

But Texas's diversity comes from more than its Hispanic residents. Frontier Texas was also settled by Germans (particularly in Fredericksburg and New Braunfels), Poles, Swedes, Norwegians, Czechs, and the French, and their influence survives in the names of towns, in styles of architecture, in genres of music, and in varieties of cuisine.

At present, especially in Houston and Dallas, the Asian population in Texas is growing. People from mainland China, India, South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Pakistan, and other countries are settling in Texas.

Important cities and towns

Main Article: List of cities in Texas

As of the 2000 Census, Texas has 22 Metropolitan Statistical Areas or MSAs and 2 Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas or CMSAs; for a total of 24 metropolitan areas.

• Abilene MSA
• Amarillo MSA
• Austin- San Marcos MSA
• Beaumont- Port Arthur MSA
• Brownsville- Harlingen- San Benito MSA
• Bryan- College Station MSA
• Corpus Christi MSA
• Dallas-Fort Worth CMSA
  • Arlington
  • Carrollton
  • Denton
  • Garland
  • Grand Prairie
  • Irving
  • Mesquite
  • Plano
  • Richardson
• Eagle Pass
• El Paso MSA
• Houston-Galveston-Brazoria CMSA
  • Baytown
  • Conroe
  • Pasadena
  • Sugar Land
  • Texas City
• Killeen- Temple MSA
• Laredo MSA
• Longview- Marshall MSA
• Lubbock MSA
• McAllen- Edinburg- Mission MSA
• Odessa-Midland MSA
• San Angelo MSA
• San Antonio MSA
• Sherman- Denison MSA
• Texarkana MSA
• Tyler MSA
• Victoria MSA
• Waco MSA
• Wichita Falls MSA

Education

Colleges and universities

Abilene Christian University Amberton University Angelo State University Arlington Baptist College Art Institute of Dallas Austin College Austin Presbyterian Theological Seminary Baylor College of Medicine Baylor University College of Saint Thomas More Concordia University, Austin Criswell College Dallas Baptist University Dallas Christian College Dallas Theological Seminary DeVry University, Dallas DeVry University, Houston East Texas Baptist University Episcopal Theological Seminary of the Southwest Hardin-Simmons University Houston Baptist University Howard Payne University Huston-Tillotson College Institute for Christian Studies ICI University Jarvis Christian College Lamar University LeTourneau University Lee College Lubbock Christian University McMurry University Midwestern State University Northwood University Our Lady of the Lake University Paul Quinn College Rice University St. Edward's University Saint Mary's University of San Antonio Sam Houston State University Schreiner College Southern Methodist University South Texas College of Law Southwestern Adventist University Southwestern Assemblies of God University Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary Southwestern Christian College Southwestern University Stephen F. Austin State University Sul Ross State University

Texas A&M University System Baylor College of Dentistry Texas A&M University, College Station Texas A&M University, Commerce Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi Texas A&M University, Galveston Texas A&M University Health Science Center Texas A&M University - Kingsville Prairie View A&M University Tarleton State University Texas A&M University-Texarkana Texas A&M International University West Texas A&M University Texas Christian University Texas College Texas Lutheran University Texas Southern University Texas State Technical College System Texas State Technical College- Harlingen Texas State Technical College- Marshall Texas State Technical College- Waco Texas State Technical College- Sweetwater Texas State University-San Marcos Texas Tech University Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Texas Wesleyan University Texas Woman's University Trinity University University of Central Texas University of Dallas University of Houston System University of Houston University of Houston Clear Lake University of Houston-Downtown University of Houston Victoria University of Mary Hardin-Baylor University of North Texas University of North Texas Health Science Center University of Saint Thomas University of Texas System University of Texas at Arlington University of Texas at Austin University of Texas at Brownsville University of Texas at Dallas University of Texas at El Paso University of Texas-Pan American University of Texas of the Permian Basin University of Texas at San Antonio University of Texas at Tyler University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio University of Texas Health Center at Tyler University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas University of the Incarnate Word Wayland Baptist University Wiley College

Professional sports teams

National Football League Dallas Cowboys Houston Texans Arena Football League Austin Wranglers Dallas Desperados Women's Professional Football League, Women's American football Dallas Diamonds Houston Energy Dallas Revolution, Independent Women's Football League National Basketball Association Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets San Antonio Spurs Women's National Basketball Association Houston Comets San Antonio Silver Stars National Hockey League Dallas Stars American Hockey League Houston Aeros San Antonio Rampage Central Hockey League Austin Ice Bats

Major League Baseball Texas Rangers Houston Astros Texas League, Minor League Baseball El Paso Diablos Frisco RoughRiders Round Rock Express San Antonio Missions Midland RockHounds Central Baseball League, Minor League Baseball Amarillo Dillas Edinburg Roadrunners Fort Worth Cats Rio Grande Valley White Wings San Angelo Colts Major League Soccer Dallas Burn

The Houston Oilers were based in Texas, but moved to Memphis and later, Nashville, Tennessee, and became the Tennessee Titans. Houston also formerly had the Arena Football League team Houston Thunderbears, and the Major League Soccer team Houston Hotshots.

Miscellaneous information

A number of ships of the United States Navy have been named USS Texas in honor of the state.

Famous for their role in the history of Texas law enforcement, the Texas Rangers continue today to provide special law enforcement services to the state.

Further reading

• Imperial Texas: An Interpretive Essay in Cultural Geography, D. W. Meinig, University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas, 1969, hardback, 145 pages.
• Great River, The Rio Grande in North American History, Paul Horgan, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, reprint, 1977, in one hardback volume, ISBN 0-03-029305-7

See also

• List of Texas-related topics
• Don't mess with Texas

External links

• http://www.state.tx.us/
• Texas News: http://www.HavenWorks.com/texas
• The Texas State Historical Association's Handbook of Texas Online
• http://www.txdps.state.tx.us/director_staff/texas_rangers/
• http://www.texasranger.org/
• Origin of name and nickname
• Lone Star Junction, a Texas history resource

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