Targum
The Targums are Aramaic translations (and often interpretations) of the Tanakh, developed around Babylon and Israel during the first millennium (0-1000). Three different forms of targum are distinguishable - narrative, halakhic, and poetic.Aramaic was the lingua franca for several hundred years in the main Jewish communities in both Israel and Babylon. In order to facilitate the study of scripture, authorativite translations were required.
The first Targum was of the Torah and composed by Onkelos the proselyte (the Babylonian Talmud, tractate Avoda Zara 11a, recounts that he was related to the Roman Emperor of the day). His Targum is quoted extensively by rabbinic literature, most notably Rashi.
A Targum of the whole of Tanakh was composed by Jonathan ben Uziel, who lived in the Mishna epoch and was a pupil of Hillel the Elder. His Targum often includes Midrashic material and other interpretations from the oral law interwoven with the Biblical narrative.
Further Targumim include the Targum Yerushalmi (Jerusalem Targum).