Shodo
Shodo (書道 shodō, "the way of writing") is Japanese calligraphy.Unlike western-style calligraphy which is written with a pen, shodo is written on Japanese paper (和紙 washi) using a bamboo and animal hair brush called a fude (筆).
The characters written in shodo are often archaic or Chinese forms. Modern variations or simplifications of characters are rarely used.
The ink, called sumi (墨), is obtained from charchoal and comes in sticks which must be rubbed with water on an inkstone until the right consistency is achieved. Much cheaper, pre-mixed bottled inks are now available, but these are used primarily for practice as stick inks are considered higher quality and chemical inks are more prone to bleeding over time, making them less suitable for use in hanging scrolls. Learning to rub the ink is an essential part of calligraphy study. Traditionally, Japanese calligraphy is written only in black ink, but modern calligraphers sometimes use other colours. Calligraphy teachers use a bright orange ink with which they write practice characters for students and correct students' work.
A basic shodo kit contains a stone or ceramic inkstone (cheaper inkstones are made of plastic), a selection of brushes, a piece of black felt (shitajiki) which is placed under the writing paper, paper weights and stick or bottled ink. The shitajiki is frequently printed with registration marks in white (usually with four squares on one side and six on the other); these are used as a guide to ensure correct placement and size of the characters. Such printed shitajiki are used only by students. Very long shitajiki are also available; these are used when writing on special long paper.
Smaller pieces of Japanese calligraphy are traditionally written seated in the traditional Japanese way (seiza), on the knees with the buttocks resting on the heels. These days practitioners frequently do shodo seated on a chair at a table. Larger pieces may be written while standing; in this case the paper is usually placed directly on the floor, but some calligraphers use an easel. A paperweight is placed at the top of all but the largest pages to prevent slipping; for smaller pieces the left hand is also placed at the bottom of the page for support. The brush is held in the right hand between the thumb and the index and middle fingers.
Shodo takes many years of dedicated practice. Correct stroke order, proper balance and rhythm of characters are an essential in calligraphy. Skilled handling of the brush produces a pleasing balance of characters on the paper, thick and thin lines, and heavy and light inking.
Works of calligraphy are usually "signed" with the artist's name and stamp, seal or "chop" in red ink.
Chinese characters written in three styles, from top to bottom: kaisho, gyousho, sousho. Notice how the basic shape of the character remains the same while the individual strokes become radically altered
There are three basic styles of shodo, kaisho (楷書, formal or "square" type) gyousho (行書, "running" or semi-cursive script) and sousho (草書, "grass script"). Other styles, including tensho (篆書, clerical, or ancient style) and reisho (隷書, ancient style) exist but are rarely practiced in calligraphy (they are, however, still used in hanko).
Kaisho style
This style is studied first to give students a feel for correct placement and balance, as well as to provide a proper base for the other, more flowing styles.
Characters written in this style are instantly recognizable.Necessary tools
Study
Styles of shodo
Kaisho
