The Red dwarf reference article from the English Wikipedia on 24-Apr-2004 (provided by Fixed Reference: snapshots of Wikipedia from wikipedia.org)

Red dwarf

According to the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, a red dwarf star is a small and relatively cool star, of the main sequence, either late K or M spectral type. They compromise the vast majority of stars and have a diameter and mass of less than one-third that of the Sun (down to 0.08 solar masses, which are Brown dwarves) and a surface temperature of less than 3,500 K. They emit little light, sometimes as little as 1/10,000th that of the sun. Due to the slow rate at which they burn hydrogen, red dwarves have an enormous estimated lifespan; estimates range from tens of billions up to trillions of years. Red dwarves never initiate helium fusion and so cannot become red giants; the stars slowly contract and heat up until all the hydrogen is consumed. In any event, there has not been sufficient time since the big bang for red dwarfs to evolve off the main sequence.

The fact that red dwarfs remain on the main sequence while older stars have moved off the main sequence allows one to date star clusters by finding the mass at which the stars turnoff the main sequence. In addition, the fact that no red dwarves off the main sequence have been observed is evidence that the universe has a finite age.

One mystery which has not be solved as of 2004 is the lack of red dwarf stars with no metals (in astronomy a metal is any element other than hydrogen and helium). The big bang model predicts the first generation of stars should have only hydrogen, helium, and lithium. If such stars included red dwarves, they should still be observable today, but are not. The conventional explanation is that without heavy elements, low mass stars cannot form and the first stars were extremely high mass population III stars which died quickly and produced the metals necessary low mass stars to form later.

Red dwarf stars are believed to be the most common star type in the universe. Proxima Centauri, the nearest star to the Sun is a red dwarf, (Type M5, magnitude 11.0) as are twenty of the next thirty nearest.

This is also the title of a popular BBC science-fiction comedy series, see Red Dwarf (television).

See also

• Cataclysmic variable star
• Hertzsprung-Russell diagram
• Red giant
• Yerkes luminosity classification
• Stellar evolution
• White dwarf

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