The Pretender reference article from the English Wikipedia on 24-Apr-2004 (provided by Fixed Reference: snapshots of Wikipedia from wikipedia.org)

Pretender

This page is about the word Pretender as it applies to a monarchy, for other meanings see Pretender (disambiguation).

A Pretender is a claimant to an abolished or already occupied throne. Deposed monarchs are not seen as pretenders, as the term only applies to those who have never occupied the throne.

Table of contents

1 Some modern pretenders 2 French Pretenders 3 Russian Pretenders 4 Fake pretenders

Some modern pretenders

State	Pretender	Link to Past Monarchy
Austria	Crown Prince Otto	Son of the last Emperor-King, Karl I of Austria
Albania	Crown Prince Leka I	Son of the last king, Zog of Albania
France	Henri, Comte de Paris, Duc de France (Orleanist-Legitimist*: generally accepted)	descendant of Louis-Philippe of France
France	Louis-Alphonse, Duc d'Anjou (Legitimist: minority support)	descendant of Louis XIV of France
Germany and Prussia	Georg Friedrich, Prince of Prussia	descendant of the last Emperor, Wilhelm II
Hungary	Crown Prince Otto von Habsburg	Son of the last King-Emperor, Charles IV of Hungary
Iran	Crown Prince Reza_Pahlavi II	Grandson of the last Shah, Reza Pahlavi
Ireland	The O'Conor Don	Ireland's senior gaelic peer & descendant of the last Irish High King Rory O'Connor
Italy	Crown Prince Victorio Emanuele	Son of the last king, Humbert II of Italy
Montenegro	Nikola, Prince of Montenegro	Descendant of the last king, Nikola I of Montenegro
Portugal	The Duke of Bragança	distant relative of the last king Manuel II
Serbia and Yugoslavia	Crown Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia	son of the last king, Peter II

French Pretenders

Following the death of the childless legitimist pretender 'Henry V', Comte de Chambord, grandson of King Charles X of France in the 1880s, the majority of Legitimists accepted the Comte's selection as heir, the Orleanist pretender, the Comte de Paris, grandson of King Louis-Philippe as the Legitimist pretender to the French throne. A small minority refused to accept this designation, and chose instead a very distant Spanish-based descendant of an earlier monarch. Hence there are in effect two legitimist pretenders, though the Orleanist pretender, the modern Comte de Paris, is generally accepted by most French monarchists as the pretender, as the list above shows.

Russian Pretenders

There is much debate over whom is the legitmate heir to the Russian throne. Grand Duke George is considered by some to be the legitimate heir, being the grandson of a cousin of Czar Nicholas II of Russia. However, the Grand Duke's mother, Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna also claims to be the rightful heir to the throne. The massacre of the Romanovs that followed the Russian Revolution has made tracking a legitimate hier to the Russian throne very difficult, and some believe there is no legitimate heir at all.

Fake pretenders

Some well-known impostors who claimed to be a genuine pretender include:

• Various impersonators of Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia, notably Anna Anderson
• The fake Baldwin I of Constantinople, whose real name probably was Bertrand of Rais
• Lambert Simnel, who claimed to be Edward, Earl of Warwick
• Perkin Warbeck, who claimed to be Richard, Duke of York
• The three false Dimitris of Russia
• Karl Wilhelm Naundorff, who claimed to be Louis XVII of France
• Michel Lafosse, a.k.a. Prince Michael of Albany, who claims to be the jacobite heir to the Scottish throne

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