Pedro I of Brazil
Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil; Pedro IV of Portugal
Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil (October 12, 1798 - September 24, 1834) proclaimed Brazil independent from Portugal and became the country's first Emperor. He also held the Portuguese throne briefly as Pedro IV, King of Portugal.
Early years
Dom Pedro was born in the Queluz Palace, near Lisbon, as son of the future King JoÃÂão VI (at the time still a regent prince) and Carlota Joaquina, Princess of Portugal, daughter of Charles IV of Spain. His full name was Pedro de AlcÃÂântara Francisco AntÃÂónio JoÃÂão Carlos Xavier de Paula Miguel Rafael Joaquim JosÃÂé Gonzaga Pascoal Cipriano Serafim de BraganÃÂça e Bourbon.
In 1807 he was taken with the Portuguese royal family to Brazil, to escape the Napoleonic Wars. That move made Rio de Janeiro the de facto capital of the Portuguese Empire, and Brazil was elevated to the status of a kingdom co-equal with Portugal.
Pedro first married on November 5, 1817 in Rio de Janeiro to Maria Leopoldina, Archduchess of Austria.
Brazilian independence
In the early 1820s, with the return of King JoÃÂão VI to Portugal, most of the privileges that had been accorded to Brazil were rescinded, sparking the ire of local nationalists. Pedro, who had remained in the country as regent, sided with the nationalist element and even supported the Portuguese Constitutionalist movement that led to the revolt in Oporto, 1820. When pressed by the Portuguese court to return, he refused. For that, he was demoted from regent to a mere representative of the Lisbon court in Brazil. These news reached him on September 7, 1822, when he had just arrived in SÃÂão Paulo, from a visit to the port of Santos. On the banks of the Ipiranga River, he unsheathed his sword, and declared "Independence or death!" He was proclaimed Emperor of Brazil on October 12 and crowned on December 1.
Troubled reign
The early years of Brazilian independence were very difficult ones. As Emperor, Pedro soon forgot his liberal ideals, and sponsored a Consitution (proclaimed on Frebruary 24, 1824) that gave him substantial power. Many provinces, particularly in the north, favored continued association with Portugal, republican sentiment soared, and in 1825, during a war with Paraguay, the Cisplatine province seceded to become Uruguay. Furthermore, Pedro had a number of illicit affairs, which cost him his popularity.
On the death of his father, Pedro choose to inherit his title as King of Portugal (Pedro IV) on March 10, 1826, ignoring the restrictions of his own Constitution. He promulgated the Portuguese liberal constitution of April 26, but was forced to abdicate on May 28 from the Portuguese crown in favor of his daughter Maria II. Since she was then only 7 years old, he nominated his brother Dom Miguel as steward, on the promise that he would marry her. Meanwhile, his apaprent indecision between Brazil and Portugal further damaged his waning popularity.
On October 17, 1829 he married his second wife, Princess AmÃÂélie de Beauharnais von Leuchtenberg, in Rio de Janeiro. AmÃÂélie was the daughter of EugÃÂène de Beauharnais, and the granddaughter of the Empress Josephine. She was also the sister of Charles Auguste EugÃÂène NapolÃÂéon de Beauharnais, who married his (Pedro's) daughter Maria II.
Return to Portugal
In the aftermath of a political crisis that followed the dissmissal of his ministers, Pedro abdicated his throne in Brazil in favor of his son Pedro II on April 7, 1831, who was only 5 at the time. He then returned to Portugal to fight against his brother King Miguel, who meanwhile had usurped the Portuguese crown (the War of the Two Brothers). In 1834 he overthrew the usurper and restored his daughter Maria II to her title.
He died in Queluz, the palace of his birth, at the age of 36. In 1972, his remains were returned to Brazil and reinterred in the present Ipiranga Museum. In all he had five legitimate children and nine illegitimate ones, including five with his best-known lover Domitila, Marquess of Santos, one with her sister, and one with a nun in Portugal.
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Preceded by: JoÃÂão VI | List of Portuguese monarchs |
Succeeded by: Maria da Gloria |
| List of Brazilian monarchs |
Succeeded by: Pedro II of Brazil |