Monument

A monument is a structure built for commemorative or symbolic reasons rather than for any functional use.

Monuments are usually created for the dual function of commemorating and important event or person while also creating an artistic object that will improve the appearance of a city or location. Cities that are planned such as Washington D.C and Brasilia are often built around monuments. Older cities have monuments placed at locations that are already important or are sometimes redesigned to focus on one. As Shelley suggested in his famous poem "Ozymandias" ("Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!"), the purpose of monuments is very often to impress or awe. In English the word "monumental" is often used in reference to something of extraordinary size and power.

Functional structures made notable by their age, size or historic significance can also be regarded as monuments. This can happen because of great age and size, as in the case of the Great Wall of China, or because an event of great import occured there such as the village of Oradour-sur-Glane in France.

Most large monuments are built by governments, but smaller ones are still often built by individuals.

Monuments have been created for thousands of years, and they are often the most durable and famous symbols of ancient civilizations. The Egyptian Pyramids, the Greek Parthenon, and the Moai of Easter Island have become symbols of their civilizations. In more recent times, monumental structures such as the Statue of Liberty and Eiffel Tower have become iconic emblems of modern nation-states.

Common types of monument

Buildings designed as iconic landmarks - e.g. the Empire State Building
Cenotaphs and memorials to commemorate the dead, usually though not always war casualties - e.g. Vimy Ridge Memorial
Columns, often topped with a statue - e.g. Nelson's Column
Gardens can also serve as monuments
Grave stones constitute small monuments to a dead person
Mausoleums and tombs to inter the dead - e.g. the Great Pyramid
Monoliths erected for religious or commemorative purposes - e.g. Stonehenge
Obelisks usually erected to commemorate great leaders - e.g. the Washington Monument
Statues of a famous individual or as a symbol - e.g. Statue of Liberty
Triumphal arches, almost always to commemorate military successes - e.g. the Arc de Triomphe
Entire areas can also be used as memorials, usually to commemorate wartime atrocities or notably bloody battles - e.g. Oradour-sur-Glane or the battlefield at Gettysburg

On occasion areas of especial natural beauty are also referred to as monuments.