The Mercury program reference article from the English Wikipedia on 24-Apr-2004
(provided by Fixed Reference: snapshots of Wikipedia from wikipedia.org)

Mercury program

Mercury program monument

The Mercury program was the United States's first successful manned spaceflight program. It ran from 1959 through 1963 with the goal of putting a man in orbit around the Earth. Early planning and research was carried out by NACA, while the program was officially carried out by the newly created NASA. The name Mercury comes from the Roman god (it is also the name of the innermost planet of the solar system).

Mercury Capsule

Table of contents
1 Spacecraft
2 Boosters
3 Astronauts
4 Flights
5 Follow On Programs
6 Further reading
7 See also
8 External link

Spacecraft

Mercury spacecraft were very small one-man vehicles; it was said that the Mercury spacecraft were not ridden, they were worn. The spacecraft had only attitude and reentry thrusters. They could not effect any orbital changes apart from the reentry burn. The spacecraft were designed to be totally controllable from the ground in the event that the space environment impaired the pilot's ability to function. Suborbital Mercury capsules used beryllium heat-sink heat shields, orbital ones used ablative shields.

Boosters

50px
The Mercury program used three boosters: Little Joe, Redstone, and Atlas. Little Joe and Redstone were used for suborbital flights, Atlas for orbital ones. The Atlas boosters required extra strengthening in order to handle the increased weight of the Mercury capsules beyond that of the nuclear warheads they were designed to carry. Little Joe was a solid-propellant booster designed specially for the Mercury program.

Astronauts

Mercury had seven prime astronauts, all former military test pilots, known as the "Mercury 7." NASA announced the selection of these astronauts on April 9, 1959. 



The Enlarge
The "Mercury seven" astronauts pose with an Atlas model July 12, 1962


Flights

The program included 20 unmanned launches. Not all of these were intended to reach space and not all were successful in completing their objectives. The fifth flight in 1959 launched a monkey named Sam into space. Other non-human space-farers were Miss Sam the monkey and Ham and Enos, both chimpanzees.


Unmanned


Manned


Suborbital


Orbital

(Mercury 5 was an orbital flight "manned" by Enos the chimp. See "Mercury-Atlas 5" above.)



Wernher von Braun and astronaut Gordon Cooper in the blockhouse during MR-3 recovery operations May 5, 1961Enlarge
Wernher von Braun and astronaut Gordon Cooper in the blockhouse during MR-3 recovery operations May 5, 1961



A seventh flight (MA-10) was cancelled due to a need to move on to the Gemini program but would have probably been flown by Alan Shepard. On June 12, 1963 NASA Administrator James E. Webb told Congress the program was complete.


Follow On Programs







Gemini program
Apollo program
Space Shuttle program







Further reading


See also


External link