The List of software engineering topics reference article from the English Wikipedia on 24-Apr-2004 (provided by Fixed Reference: snapshots of Wikipedia from wikipedia.org)

List of software engineering topics

This list complements the software engineering article, giving more details and examples.

Table of contents

1 Influence on society 1.1 Applications 1.2 Disasters 2 Technologies and practices 2.3 Software engineering topics 2.4 Computer science topics 2.5 Mathematics topics 2.6 Life cycle phases 2.7 Deliverables 2.8 Business roles 2.9 Management topics 2.10 Business Topics 3 Community topics 3.11 Pioneers 3.12 Notable publications 3.13 Professional topics 4 Odds and ends 4.14 Related fields 4.15 Different languages 4.16 Miscellaneous and To Do 5 See also 6 External links

Influence on society

Software engineers affect society by creating applications. These applications produce value for users, and sometimes produce disasters.

Applications

Software engineers build applications that people use.

Applications influence software engineering by pressuring developers to solve problems in new ways. For example, consumer software emphasizes low cost, medical software emphsizes high quality, and Internet commerce software emphasizes rapid development.

• Accounting
• Analytics
  • Data mining closely related to database
  • Decision support systems
• Airline reservations
• Banking
  • Automatic teller machiness
  • Check processing
  • Credit cards
• Commerce
  • Trade
  • Auctions (EBay)
  • Reverse auctions
  • Bar code scanners
• Compilers
  • Parsers
  • Optimizerss
  • Interpreterss
  • Linkers
  • Loaderss
• Communication
  • Email
  • Instant messengers
  • VOIP
  • Calendars - scheduling and coordinating
  • Contact managers
• Computer graphics
  • Animation
  • Special effects for video and film
  • Editing
  • Post-processing
• Cryptography
• Databases, support almost every field
• Embedded systems Both software engineers and traditional engineers write software control systems for embedded products.
  • Automotive software
  • Avionics software
  • HVAC software
  • Medical device software
  • Telephony
  • Telemetry
• Engineering All traditional engineering branches use software extensively. Engineers use spreadsheets, more than they ever used calculators. Engineers use custom software tools to design, analyze, and simulate their own projects, like bridges and power lines. These projects resemble software in many respects, because the work exists as electronic documents and goes through analysis, design, implementation, and testing phases. Software tools for engineers use the tenets of computer science; as well as the tenets of calculus, physics, and chemistry.
  • CAD
  • Simulation
• Finance
  • Bond market
  • Futures market
  • Stock market
• Games
  • Poker
  • Multiuser Dungeons
  • Video games
• Information systems, support almost every field
  • LIS Management of laboratory data
  • MIS Management of financial and personnel data
• Logistics
  • Supply chain management
• Manufacturing
  • CAM
• Music
  • Sound effects
  • Music synthesis
• Networks and Internet
  • Domain Name System
  • Protocols
  • Routers
• Office suites
  • Word processors
  • Spreadsheets
  • Presentations
• Operating systems
  • Embedded
  • Graphical
  • Multitasking
  • Real-time
• Robotics
• Signal analysis
  • Image processing, encoding and interpreting visual information
  • Signal processing, encoding and interpreting signals
  • Speech processing
  • Text recognition
  • Handwriting recognition
• Simulation, supports almost every field.
  • Engineering, A software simulation can be cheaper to build and more flexible to change than a physical engineering model.
  • Sciences
• Sciences
  • Genomics
• Traffic Control
  • Air traffic control
  • Ship traffic control
  • Automotive traffic control
• Training
  • Drill
  • Simulation
  • Testing
• Visualization, supports almost every field
  • Architecture
  • Engineering
  • Sciences
• Voting
• World wide web
  • Browsers
  • Servers

Disasters

Software played a role in many high-profile disasters.

• Ariane V
• Mars probes
• Denver International Airport
• TAURUS - UK share settlement system and dematerialised central share depository

Technologies and practices

Skilled software engineers use technologies and practices from a variety of fields to improve productivity and quality. These topics are used in industry every day.

Software engineering affects applications by making more application problems easy to solve.

Software engineering topics

Many technologies and practices are (mostly) unique to software engineering, though many of these are shared with computer science.

• Programming languages
  • List of programming languages
  • Scripting
  • Fortran
  • Cobol
  • C
  • C++
  • Java
  • C#
  • PHP
  • Python
  • Tcl
  • Visual Basic
• Programming paradigm, based on a programming language technology
  • Structured programming
  • Functional decomposition
  • Object-oriented programming
  • Aspect-oriented programming
  • Post-object programming
• Databases
  • Hierarchical
  • Relational
  • Object
  • SQL
  • SQL/XML
• Graphical user interfaces
• Programming tools
  • Configuration management and source code management
    • Make
    • CVS
    • RCS
  • Editors
    • text editors
    • program editors (see also: IDEss)
    • word processors
• Libraries
  • Software components
• Design languages
  • UML
• Patterns, document many common programming and project management techniques.
  • Patterns
  • Anti-patterns
• Processes and Methodologies
  • Heavyweight
    • Cleanroom
    • CMM and CMMI
    • ISO 9000 and ISO 9001
    • Rational Unified Process
  • Agile
    • Agile Methods
    • Crystal
    • Extreme programming
    • Lean software development
    • Scrum
• Platformss. A platform combines computer hardware and an operating system. As platforms become more powerful and less expensive, applications and tools become more widely available.
  • Cray supercomputers
  • IBM mainframes
  • DEC minicomputers
  • Sun workstations
  • Windows PCs (Wintel)
  • Linux PCs
  • Mac OS and Mac OS X PCs
  • Palm PDAs
• Other Practices
  • Refactoring
  • Software inspections
  • Pair programming
  • Software reuse
  • Communication
  • Teamwork
• Other tools
  • Decision tables
  • Use cases
  • Story
  • Features

Computer science topics

Skilled software engineers know a lot of computer science including what is possible and impossible, and what is easy and hard for software.

• Algorithms, well-defined methods for solving specific problems.
  • Searching
  • Sorting
  • Parsing
  • Numerical analysis
• Data structures, well-defined methods for storing and retrieving data.
  • Lists
  • Trees
  • Hash tables
• Computability, some problems cannot be solved at all
  • Halting problem
• Complexity, some problems are solvable in principle, yet unsolvable in practice
  • NP completeness
  • Computational complexity theory
• Proof of correctness
• Program synthesis

Mathematics topics

Discrete mathematics is a key foundation of software engineering.

• Number representation
• Sets
• Bags
• Graphs
  • Sequences
  • Trees
  • Graphs
• Logic
  • Deduction
  • First-order logic
  • Higher-order logic
  • Combinatory logic
• Induction
• Combinatorics

Other

• Statistics
• Decision theory
• Type theory

Life cycle phases

• Development life cycle phase
  • Requirements gathering
  • Requirements analysis
  • Software architecture
  • Computer programming
  • Testing, detects bugs
    • Black box testing
    • White box testing
    • Clear box testing
  • Quality assurance, ensures compliance with process.
• Product Life cycle phase and Project lifecycle
  • Inception
  • First development
  • Major release
  • Minor release
  • Bug fix release
  • Maintenance
  • Obsolesence
• Release Development stage, near the end of a release cycle
  • Alpha
  • Beta
  • Gold master
  • 1.0
• Software development lifecycle
  • Waterfall model - Structured programming and Stepwise refinement
  • SSADM
  • Spiral model - Iterative development
  • DSDM
  • Chaos model - Chaos strategy

Deliverables

Deliverables must be developed for many SE projects. Software engineers rarely make all of these deliverables themselves. They usually cooperate with the writers, trainers, installers, marketers, technical support people, and others who make many of these deliverables.

• Application - the software
• Database - schemas and data.
• Documentation, online and/or print, FAQ, Readme, Help, for each role
  • User
  • Administrator
  • Manager
  • Buyer
• Administration and Maintenace policy, what should be backed-up, checked, configured, ...
• Installers
• Migration (link?)
  • Upgrade from previous installations
  • Upgrade from competitor's installations
• Training materials, for each role
  • User
  • Administrator
  • Manager
  • Buyer
• Support info for computer support groups.
• Marketing and sales materials
  • White papers, explain the technologies used in the applications
  • Comparisons with competitor products

Business roles

• Operations
  • Users
  • Administrators
  • Managers
  • Buyers
• Development
  • Analysts
  • Programmers
  • Testers
  • Managers
• Business
  • Consulting - customization and installation of applications
  • Sales
  • Marketing
  • Legal - contracts, intellectual property rights
  • Support - helping customers use applications
  • Personnel - hiring and training qualified personnel
  • Finance - funding new development
• Academe
  • Educators
  • Researchers

Management topics

• Leadership
  • Coaching
  • Communication, SEs easily ignore this
  • Listening
  • Motivation
  • Vision, SEs are good at this
  • Example, everyone follows a good example best
• Personnel management
  • Hiring, getting people into an organization
  • Staffing, getting people onto a project
  • Training
  • Evaluation
• Project management
  • Goal setting
  • Customer interaction (Rethink)
  • Estimation
  • Risk management
  • Change management
• Process management
  • Processes
    • Software development processes
    • Methodologies
  • Metrics

Business Topics

• Quality programs
  • Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award
  • Six Sigma
  • Total Quality Management (TQM)

Community topics

Pioneers

Many people made important contributions to SE technologies, practices, or applications.

• John Backus: Fortran, first optimizing compiler, BNF
• Vic Basili: Experience factory.
• Kent Beck: Refactoring, extreme programming, pair programming, test-driven development.
• Tim Berners-Lee: World wide web
• Barry Boehm: SE economics, COCOMO, Spiral model.
• Grady Booch: Object-oriented design, UML.
• Fred Brooks: Managed System 360 and OS 360. Wrote The Mythical Man-Month and No Silver Bullet.
• Edsger Dijkstra: Wrote A Discipline of Programming and Go To Statement Considered Harmful, algorithms, formal methods, pedegogy.
• Michael Fagan: Software inspection.
• Tom Gilb: Evolutionary processes.
• Grace Hopper: The first compiler (Mark 1), COBOL, Nanoseconds.
• Watts Humphrey: Capability Maturity Model, headed (founded?) the Software Engineering Institute.
• Jean Ichbiah: Ada
• Bill Joy: Berkeley Unix, vi, Java.
• Brian Kernighan: C and Unix.
• Donald Knuth: Wrote The Art of Computer Programming, TeX, algorithms, literate programming
• Bertrand Meyer: Design by Contract, Eiffel programming language.
• Peter G. Neumann: Computer risks, ACM Sigsoft.
• David Parnas: Module design, social responsibility, professionalism.
• Jef Raskin: Developed the original Macintosh GUI
• Dennis Ritchie: C and Unix.
• Winston W. Royce: Waterfall model.
• Mary Shaw: Software architecture.
• Richard Stallman: Founder of the Free Software Foundation
• Linus Torvalds: Linux kernel, open source development.
• Will Tracz: Reuse, ACM Software Engineering Notes.
• Gerald Weinberg: Wrote The Psychology of Computer Programming.
• Jeanette Wing: Formal specifications.
• Ed Yourdon: Structured programming, wrote The Decline and Fall of the American Programmer.

See also

• List of programmers
• List of computer scientists
• List of software moguls

Notable publications

• About Face by Alan Cooper, about user interface design.
• The Capability Maturity Model by Watts Humphrey. Written for the Software Engineering Institute, emphasizing management and process.
• The Cathedral and the Bazaar by Eric Raymond about open source development.
• The Decline and Fall of the American Programmer by Ed Yourdon predicts the end of software development in the U.S.
• Design Patterns by Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, and John Vlissides.
• ''Extreme Programming Explained by Kent Beck
• Go To Statement Considered Harmful by Edsger Dijkstra.
• The Mythical Man-Month by Fred Brooks, about project management.
• Object-oriented Analysis and Design by Grady Booch.
• Peopleware by Tom DeMarco.
• Principles of Software Engineering Management by Tom Gilb about evolutionary processes.
• The Psychology of Computer Programming by Gerald Weinberg. Written as an independent consultant, partly about his years at IBM.
• by Martin Fowler, Kent Beck, John Brant, William Opdyke, and Don Roberts.

See also

• Important publications in software engineering in CS.

Professional topics

• Demographics
• Economics
• Education
• History
• Professionalism
  • Ethics
  • Licensing
• Legal
  • Intellectual property
  • Consumer protection

Odds and ends

Related fields

• Traditional engineering
  • Computer engineering
  • Electrical engineering
• Software engineering
  • Domain engineering
  • Information engineering
  • Knowledge engineering
  • User interface engineering
• Arts and Sciences
  • Mathematics
  • Computer science
  • Information science
• Applications
  • Information systems
• Programming

Different languages

• In Chinese, software engineer is called ruan jian gong cheng shi —— 软件工程师
• In German, software engineering is called softwaretechnik.
• In Spanish, software engineering is called Ingeniería de software,

Miscellaneous and To Do

• Complexity or scaling
• Software brittleness problem
• Second system syndrome
• Software specialists share common language, terminology, certification, and so on.
• Traditional engineers frequently resort to a balance of factors to achieve optimization.
• Biology and biological engineering have other issues.
• Source code escrow

See also

• SWEBOK Software engineering body of knowledge
• CCSE Computing curriculum for software engineering
• Computer terms etymology, the origins of computer terms

External links

• Professional Organizations
  • British Computer Society
  • Association for Computing Machinery
  • IEEE Computer Society
• Professionalism
  • SE Code of Ethics
  • Professional licensing in Texas
• Education
  • CCSE Undergraduate curriculum
• Standards
  • IEEE Software Engineering Standards
  • Internet Engineering Task Force
  • ISO
• Government organizations
  • European Software Institute
  • Software Engineering Institute
• Agile
  • Organization to promote Agile software development
  • Test driven development
  • Extreme programming
• Other Organizations
  • Online community for software engineers
• Demographics
  • U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics on SE
• Surveys
  • David Redmiles page from the University of California site
• Other
  • Full text in PDF from the NATO conference in Garmisch
  • Computer Risks Peter G. Neumann's risks column.

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