or dictatorships. Some states have semi-presidential systems where the head of government role is fulfilled by both the listed head of government and the head of state.
| Country | Head of state | Head of government
|
|---|
| Afghanistan | Hamid Karzai
|
| Albania | Alfred Moisiu | Fatos Nano
|
| Algeria | Abdelaziz Bouteflika | Ahmed Ouyahia
|
| Andorra | Joan Enric Vives SicÃÂÃÂlia (represented by Nemesi MarquÃÂés Oste)
and Jacques Chirac (represented by Philippe Massoni) | Marc FornÃÂé MolnÃÂé
|
| Angola | JosÃÂé Eduardo dos Santos | Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos
|
| Antigua and Barbuda | Elizabeth II, represented by Sir James Carlisle | Baldwin Spencer
|
| Argentina | NÃÂéstor Kirchner
|
| Armenia | Robert Kocharyan | Andranik Markaryan
|
| Australia | Elizabeth II, represented by Michael Jeffery | John Howard
|
| Austria | Thomas Klestil | Wolfgang SchÃÂüssel
|
| Azerbaijan | Ilham Aliyev | Artur Rasizade
|
| Bahamas | Elizabeth II, represented by Dame Ivy Dumont | Perry Christie
|
| Bahrain | Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifah | Khalifah ibn Sulman Al Khalifah
|
| Bangladesh | Iajuddin Ahmed | Khaleda Zia
|
| Barbados | Elizabeth II, represented by Sir Clifford Husbands | Owen Arthur
|
| Belarus | Alexander Lukashenko | Sergey Sidorsky
|
| Belgium | Albert II | Guy Verhofstadt
|
| Belize | Elizabeth II, represented by Sir Colville Young | Said Musa
|
| Benin | Mathieu KÃÂérÃÂékou
|
| Bhutan | Jigme Singye Wangchuck | Lyonpo Jigme Thinley
|
| Bolivia | Carlos Mesa
|
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Sulejman Tihić | Adnan Terzić
|
| Botswana | Festus Mogae
|
| Brazil | LuÃÂÃÂs InÃÂácio Lula da Silva
|
| Brunei | Hassanal Bolkiah
|
| Bulgaria | Georgi Purvanov | Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
|
| Burkina Faso | Blaise CompaorÃÂé | Ernest Paramanga Yonli
|
| Burundi | Domitien Ndayizeye
|
| Cambodia | Norodom Sihanouk | Hun Sen
|
| Cameroon | Paul Biya | Peter Mafany Musonge
|
| Canada | Elizabeth II, represented by Adrienne Clarkson | Paul Martin
|
| Cape Verde | Pedro Pires | JosÃÂé Maria Neves
|
| Central African Republic | FranÃÂçois BozizÃÂé | CÃÂélestin Gaombalet
|
| Chad | Idriss DÃÂéby | Moussa Faki
|
| Chile | Ricardo Lagos
|
| China (PRC) | Hu Jintao | Wen Jiabao
|
| Colombia | ÃÂÃÂlvaro Uribe
|
| Comoros | Azali Assoumani
|
| Congo (Brazzaville) | Denis Sassou-Nguesso
|
| Congo (Kinshasa) | Joseph Kabila
|
| Costa Rica | Abel Pacheco
|
| CÃÂôte d'Ivoire | Laurent Gbagbo | Seydou Diarra
|
| Croatia | Stjepan Mesic | Ivo Sanader
|
| Cuba | Fidel Castro
|
| Cyprus | Tassos Papadopoulos
|
| Czech Republic | VÃÂáclav Klaus | VladimÃÂÃÂr Špidla
|
| Denmark | Margrethe II | Anders Fogh Rasmussen
|
| Djibouti | Ismael Omar Guelleh | Dileita Mohamed Dileita
|
| Dominica | Nicholas Liverpool | Roosevelt Skerrit
|
| Dominican Republic | HipÃÂólito MejÃÂÃÂa
|
| East Timor | Xanana GusmÃÂão | Mari Alkatiri
|
| Ecuador | Lucio GutiÃÂérrez
|
| Egypt | Hosni Mubarak | Atef Ebeid
|
| El Salvador | Francisco Flores
|
| Equatorial Guinea | Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo | CÃÂándido Muatetema Rivas
|
| Eritrea | Isaias Afewerki
|
| Estonia | Arnold RÃÂüÃÂütel | Juhan Parts
|
| Ethiopia | Girma Wolde-Giorgis | Meles Zenawi
|
| Fiji | Josefa Iloilo | Laisenia Qarase
|
| Finland | Tarja Halonen | Matti Vanhanen
|
| France | Jacques Chirac | Jean-Pierre Raffarin
|
| Gabon | Omar Bongo | Jean-FranÃÂçois Ntoutoume Emane
|
| Gambia | Yahya Jammeh
|
| Georgia | Mikhail Saakashvili | Zurab Zhvania
|
| Germany | Johannes Rau | Gerhard SchrÃÂöder
|
| Ghana | John Kufuor
|
| Greece | Costis Stephanopoulos | Costas Caramanlis
|
| Grenada | Elizabeth II, represented by Sir Daniel Williams | Keith Mitchell
|
| Guatemala | ÃÂÃÂscar Berger
|
| Guinea | Lansana ContÃÂé | FranÃÂçois Lonseny Fall
|
| Guinea-Bissau | Henrique Rosa | Artur SanhÃÂá
|
| Guyana | Bharrat Jagdeo | Sam Hinds
|
| Haiti | Boniface Alexandre | GÃÂérard Latortue
|
| Honduras | Ricardo Maduro
|
| Hungary | Ferenc MÃÂádl | PÃÂéter Medgyessy
|
| Iceland | ÃÂÃÂlafur Ragnar GrÃÂÃÂmsson | DavÃÂÃÂÃÂð Oddsson
|
| India | A.P.J. Abdul Kalam | Atal Bihari Vajpayee
|
| Indonesia | Megawati Sukarnoputri
|
| Iran | Ali Khamenei (Rahbar - "leader"); Mohammad Khatami (president)
|
| Iraq | Paul Bremer (civil administrator) and Massoud Barzani (Iraqi Governing Council president)
|
| Ireland | Mary McAleese | Bertie Ahern
|
| Israel | Moshe Katsav | Ariel Sharon
|
| Italy | Carlo Azeglio Ciampi | Silvio Berlusconi
|
| Jamaica | Elizabeth II, represented by Sir Howard Cooke | Percival Patterson
|
| Japan | Akihito | Junichiro Koizumi
|
| Jordan | Abdullah II | Faisal al-Fayez
|
| Kazakhstan | Nursultan Nazarbayev | Daniyal Akhmetov
|
| Kenya | Mwai Kibaki
|
| Kiribati | Anote Tong
|
| Korea (DPRK) | Kim Yong Nam ("Head of State for Foreign Affairs");
Kim Jong Il (highest administrative authority) | Pak Pong Ju
|
| Korea (ROK) | Goh Kun (acting for the suspended Roh Moo Hyun) | Goh Kun
|
| Kuwait | Jabir al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah | Sabah al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah
|
| Kyrgyzstan | Askar Akayev | Nikolai Tanayev
|
| Laos | Khamtai Siphandon | Boungnang Vorachith
|
| Latvia | Vaira Vike-Freiberga | Indulis Emsis
|
| Lebanon | ÃÂÃÂmile Lahoud | Rafiq Hariri
|
| Lesotho | Letsie III | Pakalitha Mosisili
|
| Liberia | Gyude Bryant
|
| Libya | Mu'ammar Al Qathafi (de facto);
Zentani Muhammad az-Zentani (de jure) | Shukri Ghanem
|
| Liechtenstein | Hans-Adam II | Otmar Hasler
|
| Lithuania | Arturas Paulauskas | Algirdas Brazauskas
|
| Luxembourg | Henri | Jean-Claude Juncker
|
| Republic of Macedonia | Ljupco Jordanovski | Branko Crvenkovski
|
| Madagascar | Marc Ravalomanana | Jacques Sylla
|
| Malawi | Bakili Muluzi
|
| Malaysia | Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin | Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
|
| Maldives | Maumoon Abdul Gayoom
|
| Mali | Amadou Toumani TourÃÂé | Ahmed Mohamed Ag Hamani
|
| Malta | Eddie Fenech Adami | Lawrence Gonzi
|
| Marshall Islands | Kessai Note
|
| Mauritania | Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya | Sghair Ould M'bareck
|
| Mauritius | Anerood Jugnauth | Paul BÃÂérenger
|
| Mexico | Vicente Fox
|
| Micronesia | Joseph Urusemal
|
| Moldova | Vladimir Voronin | Vasile Tarlev
|
| Monaco | Rainier III | Patrick Leclercq
|
| Mongolia | Natsagiyn Bagabandi | Nambaryn Enhbayar
|
| Morocco | Mohammed VI | Driss Jettou
|
| Mozambique | Joaquim Chissano | Luisa Diogo
|
| Myanmar | Than Shwe | Khin Nyunt
|
| Namibia | Sam Nujoma | Theo-Ben Gurirab
|
| Nauru | RenÃÂé Harris
|
| Nepal | Gyanendra | Surya Bahadur Thapa
|
| Netherlands | Beatrix | Jan Peter Balkenende
|
| New Zealand | Elizabeth II, represented by Dame Silvia Cartwright | Helen Clark
|
| Nicaragua | Enrique BolaÃÂños
|
| Niger | Tandja Mamadou | Hama Amadou
|
| Nigeria | Olusegun Obasanjo
|
| Norway | Harald V | Kjell Magne Bondevik
|
| Oman | Qaboos ibn Sa'id Al Sa'id
|
| Pakistan | Pervez Musharraf | Zafarullah Khan Jamali
|
| Palau | Tommy Remengesau
|
| Panama | Mireya Moscoso
|
| Papua New Guinea | Elizabeth II, represented by Bill Skate | Sir Michael Somare
|
| Paraguay | Nicanor Duarte
|
| Peru | Alejandro Toledo | Carlos Ferrero
|
| Philippines | Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
|
| Poland | Aleksander Kwaśniewski | Leszek Miller
|
| Portugal | Jorge Sampaio | JosÃÂé DurÃÂão Barroso
|
| Qatar | Hamad ibn Khalifah Al Thani | Abdallah ibn Khalifah Al Thani
|
| Romania | Ion Iliescu | Adrian Nastase
|
| Russia | Vladimir Putin | Mikhail Fradkov
|
| Rwanda | Paul Kagame | Bernard Makuza
|
| St. Kitts and Nevis | Elizabeth II, represented by Sir Cuthbert Sebastian | Denzil Douglas
|
| St. Lucia | Elizabeth II, represented by Dame Pearlette Louisy | Kenny Anthony
|
| St. Vincent and the Grenadines | Elizabeth II, represented by Sir Frederick Ballantyne | Ralph Gonsalves
|
| Samoa | Malietoa Tanumafili II | Tuila'epa Sailele Malielegaoi
|
| San Marino | Paolo Bollini and Marino Riccardi
|
| SÃÂão TomÃÂé and PrÃÂÃÂncipe | Fradique de Menezes | Maria das Neves
|
| Saudi Arabia | Fahd | Fahd (de jure), Abdullah (de facto)
|
| Senegal | Abdoulaye Wade | Macky Sall
|
| Serbia and Montenegro | Svetozar Marović
|
| Seychelles | James Michel
|
| Sierra Leone | Ahmad Tejan Kabbah
|
| Singapore | S.R. Nathan | Goh Chok Tong
|
| Slovakia | Rudolf Schuster | MikulÃÂáš Dzurinda
|
| Slovenia | Janez Drnovšek | Anton Rop
|
| Solomon Islands | Elizabeth II, represented by Sir John Lapli | Allan Kemakeza
|
| Somalia | Abdulkassim Salat Hassan | Muhammad Abdi Yusuf
|
| South Africa | Thabo Mbeki
|
| Spain | Juan Carlos I | JosÃÂé Luis RodrÃÂÃÂguez Zapatero
|
| Sri Lanka | Chandrika Kumaratunga | Mahinda Rajapakse
|
| Sudan | Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir
|
| Suriname | Ronald Venetiaan | Jules Ajodhia
|
| Swaziland | Mswati III | Themba Dlamini
|
| Sweden | Carl XVI Gustav | GÃÂöran Persson
|
| Switzerland | Moritz Leuenberger, Pascal Couchepin, Joseph Deiss (President), Samuel Schmid, Micheline Calmy-Rey, Christoph Blocher, Hans-Rudolf Merz
|
| Syria | Bashar al-Assad | Mohammed Naji al-Otari
|
| Taiwan (ROC) | Chen Shui-bian | Yu Shyi-kun
|
| Tajikistan | Emomali Rahmonov | Okil Okilov
|
| Tanzania | Benjamin Mkapa | Frederick Sumaye
|
| Thailand | Bhumibol Adulyadej | Thaksin Shinawatra
|
| Togo | GnassingbÃÂé EyadÃÂéma | Koffi Sama
|
| Tonga | Taufa'ahau Tupou IV | 'Ulukalala Lavaka Ata
|
| Trinidad and Tobago | Maxwell Richards | Patrick Manning
|
| Tunisia | Zine El Abidine Ben Ali | Mohamed Ghannouchi
|
| Turkey | Ahmet Necdet Sezer | Recep Tayyip Erdogan
|
| Turkmenistan | Saparmurat Niyazov
|
| Tuvalu | Elizabeth II, represented by Faimalaga Luka | Saufatu Sopoanga
|
| Uganda | Yoweri Museveni | Apolo Nsibambi
|
| Ukraine | Leonid Kuchma | Viktor Yanukovych
|
| United Arab Emirates | Zayed ibn Sultan Al Nahayan | Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum
|
| United Kingdom | Elizabeth II | Tony Blair
|
| United States | George W. Bush
|
| Uruguay | Jorge Batlle
|
| Uzbekistan | Islam Karimov | Shavkat Mirziyayev
|
| Vanuatu | Alfred Maseng | Edward Natapei
|
| Vatican City | John Paul II | Angelo Cardinal Sodano
|
| Venezuela | Hugo ChÃÂávez
|
| Vietnam | Tran Duc Luong | Phan Van Khai
|
| Yemen | Ali Abdallah Saleh | Abdul Qadir Bajamal
|
| Zambia | Levy Mwanawasa
|
| Zimbabwe | Robert Mugabe
|