IA-32
IA-32, sometimes called i386, is the set of instructions - the computer architecture - for a family of microprocessors embedded in numerous types and brands of personal computers. Intel is the original creator and primary supplier of IA-32 based microprocessors, with competing companies such as AMD.The term was invented to distinguish the instruction set for Intel 80386 compatible series from that for incompatible series such as Itanium.
The IA-32 instruction set is usually described as CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) architecture, though such classifications have become less meaningful with advances in microprocessor design.
The set is implemented in all x86 CPUs current to or newer than the 80386. IA-32 programs typically run in protected mode which supports memory protection, the ability to use memory above 1MB (MS-DOS limit), virtual memory, and task switching for multitasking. IA-32 programs can access a 4GB linear address space.
Each generation of CPUs since has added several features to this set:
- The 80386 could accept an optional external coprocessor chip called the 80387 that enabled it to do floating point calculations via hardware. Some models of the 80486 had this coprocessor on-die.
- Pentium MMX added a set of extensions called MMX that can be used, among other things, to optimize multimedia software running on it.
- Pentium III added SSE (Streaming SIMD Extensions)
- Pentium 4 added SSE2
general data registers
All of the four following registers may be used as general purpose registers. However each has some specialized purpose as well.
- eax (with a special interpretation for arithmetic instructions; a for accumulator)
- ebx (base register, used for addressing)
- ecx (with a special interpretation for loops, c for counter)
- edx (data register)
- ebp base pointer
- esi source index (for string operations)
- edi destination index (for string operations)
- esp stack pointer
Real mode Instructions (8086/8088 compatibility) are:
aaa, aad, aam, aas, adc, add, and, call, cbw, clc, cld, cli, cmc, cmp, cmpsb, smpsw, cwd, daa, das, dec, div, esc, hlt, idiv, imul, in, inc, int, into, iret, ja, jae, jb, jbe, jc, jcxz, je, jg, jge, jl, jle, jmp, jna, jnae, jnb, jnbe, jnc, jne, jng, jnge, jnlm, jnle, jno, jnp, jns, jnz, jo, jp, jpe, jpo, js, jz, lahf, lds, lea, les, lock, lodsb, lodsw, loop, loope, loopne, loopnz, loopz, mov, movsb, movsw, mul, neg, nop, not, or, out, pop, popf, push, push, puchf, rcl, rcr, rep, repe, repne, repnz, repz, ret, rol, ror, sahf, sal, sar, sbb, scasb, scasw, shl, shr, stc, std, sti, stosb, stosw, sub, test, wait, xchg, xlat, xor (please de-typo)
This is the full 8086-8088 instruction set, but most, if not all of these instructions are available in 32-bit mode, they just operate on 32 bit registers (eax, ebx, etc) and values instead of their 16-bit (ax, bx, etc) counterparts. See also x86 assembly language for a quick tutorial for this chip.
There is also another mode in which the processor acts as a pure 32-bit processor - protected mode. This mode was introduced with the 80386-processor (actually, the 286 processor, but the 286 still used 16 bit registers).
Intel's newer IA-64 architecture is not directly compatible with the IA-32 instruction set. AMD's new AMD64 instruction set is largely compatible with IA-32, and includes a number of extensions.
See also:
External links: