Heck cattle
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Heck Cattle (Bos taurus), also called reconstructed aurochs, is a hardy breed of cattle often erroneously referred to as Aurochs .
Heck cattle were developed in the early 20th century by the Heck brothers in Germany in an attempt to breed back modern cattle to their ancestral form, the Aurochs (Bos primigenius). Heinz Heck working at the Hellabrunn Zoological Gardens in Munich began creating the Heck breed about 1920. Lutz Heck, director of the Berlin Zoological Gardens, began extensive breeding programs supported by the Nazis during World War II to bring back the Aurochs. The reconstructed aurochs fit into the Nazi propaganda drive to create a idyllic history of the Aryan nation.
Heinz Heck crossed Hungarian Steppe, Scottish Highland, Brown, Murnau-Werdenfels, Angeln, German Friesian, Podolic and Corsican breeds. In Berlin, Lutz Heck crossed Spanish and French fighting cattle with other breeds. The resulting animals' configurations were largely similar. The Berlin breed later was lost because of the hardships in the times after World War II and modern Heck cattle are descended only from the Hellabrunn breed. At the end of the 20th century, other so called primitive breeds were crossbred with Heck catte to come closer to the aim of creating a cattle breed that resembles the extinct aurochs in external appearance.
A typical Heck bull should be at least 1.6m high and a cow 1.4m, with weight 600 to 900kg. Heck cattle are twenty to thirty centimeters shorter than the aurochs they were bred to resemble. But cross-breeding efforts continue to increase the size and weight of the breed, particularly in Germany.
The Heck bulls were not much larger than the bull of most breeds of domestic cattle, while wild aurochs bulls are believed to have often exceeded 1000 kilograms, half the size of a rhinoceros. So the African Watusi cattle was then brought into the herd. The result was an almost larger animal, but it also caused infertility among the cows, a signal of genetic drift that had occured between these populations of Bos over the millennia. Heck cattle were first bred outside of a zoo in 1980. There were 88 registered at that time. Continued crossbreeding with these animals resolved the infertility in the cows.
There are about 2000 Heck cattle in Europe and few elsewhere.
In Oostvaardersplassen in Flevoland near Lelystad, there are about 600 Heck cattle free roaming without human interference. Other cattle are at the Falkenthaler Rieselfelder near Berlin. There are also Heck Cattle at the Nesseaue nature reserve near Jena, Thuringia and at the Grubenfelder Leonie nature reseve in Auerbach, Bavaria. There were about 100 registered in France in 2000.
Some biologists consider the methodology used to recreate the aurochs flawed and deceitful. Professor Z. Pucek of the Bialowieza Nature Preserve regards the Heck cattle as the biggest scientific swindle of the 20th Century. Professor Pucek has devoted his life to the conservation of the surviving native wisent (European Bison) which is seen by some as competition to Heck cattle development.
Heck cattle is considered by some as the most suitable cattle breed for low intensity grazing systems to protect nature reserves. Heck cattle today are propagated in some places to fulfill the role of the Aurochs in the ecosystem. However there is some uncertainty as to what ecological niche the aurochs filled. Dr Frans Vera claims that the aurochs lived in open parkland and supports their inclusion in nature reserve management. Cis van Vuure, however, in his book, De Oeros - Het spoor terug suggests that the aurochs dwelled in dense forests and marshes while the wisent dwelled in the open landscape.[1] Wisent supporters claim that Heck cattle landscape management is a public relations ploy in order to illegitimately garner suppport for Heck cattle at the expense of wisent. [1]Characteristics
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