Fidel Castro
Castro in front of the JosÃÂé MartÃÂàMonument
Dr. Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13, 1926/27), has ruled Cuba since 1959, when he overthrew the government of Fulgencio Batista and turned his country into the first communist state in the Western Hemisphere. He held the title of premier until 1976, when he became president of the Council of State and the Council of Ministers. He has been the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba since its inception in 1965.
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2 Foreign policy 3 Economic policy 4 Education and health care 5 Popular image 6 Human rights 7 External Links |
Born in BirÃÂán, near MayarÃÂÃÂ, Cuba, into a wealthy farming family (son of ÃÂÃÂngel Castro y Argiz, an immigrant from Spain, and his cook Lina Ruz GonzÃÂález), Fidel Castro was educated at Jesuit schools and then at the Jesuit preparatory school Colegio BelÃÂén in Havana. In 1945 he went to the University of Havana to study law, graduating in 1950.
Castro practiced law in a small partnership between 1950 and 1952. He intended to stand for parliament in 1952 for the "Orthodox Party" but the coup d'ÃÂétat of General Fulgencio Batista overthrew the government of Carlos Prio Socarras and led to the cancelation of the election. Castro charged Batista with violating the constitution in court but his petition was refused. In response Castro organized a disastrous armed attack on the Moncada Barracks in Oriente province on July 26, 1953. Over eighty of the attackers were killed, and Castro was taken prisoner, tried, and sentenced to fifteen years in prison. (Castro used the closing arguments in the case to deliver "History Will Absolve Me"[1], a passionate speech defending his actions and explaining his political views.) He was released in a general amnesty in May 1955 and went into exile in Mexico and the United States.
He returned to Cuba with a number of other exiles, clandestinely sailing from Mexico to Cuba on the 60-ft pleasure yacht Granma. They were called the 26th of July Movement. At this stage Castro was not yet a Communist or even a socialist. He described himself and his movement as believing in the "Jeffersonian philosophy" and adhering to the "Lincoln formula" of cooperation between capital and labour. As late as 1959, Castro told the US News & World Report that he had "no intention of nationalising any industries".
The 26th of July Movement's first action was in Oriente province on December 2, 1956. Only twelve of the original eighty men survived to retreat into the Sierra Maestra Mountains and from there wage a guerrilla war against the Batista government. The survivors included Che Guevara, RaÃÂúl Castro, and Camilo Cienfuegos. Castro's movement gained popular support and grew to over 800 men. On May 24, 1958, Batista launched seventeen battalions against Castro in OperaciÃÂón Verano. Despite being outnumbered, Castro's forces scored a series of stunning victories, aided by massive desertion and surrenders from Batista's army. On New Year's Day 1959 Batista fled the country, and Castro's forces took Havana.
Initially the United States was quick to recognize the new government. Castro became prime minister in February, but friction with the United States soon developed when the new government began expropriating property owned by major U.S. corporations (United Fruit in particular), proposing compensation based on property tax valuations that for many years the same companies had managed to keep artificially low. Castro visited the White House in April 1959, and met with Vice President Richard Nixon. Supposedly Eisenhower snubbed Castro, giving the excuse that he was playing golf, and he left Nixon to speak to him and discern whether or not he was a communist. Castro's economic policies had caused some concerns in Washington that Castro was a Communist with an allegiance to the Soviet Union. Following the meeting Nixon remarked that Castro was "naive" but not necessarily a Communist.
In February 1960, Cuba signed an agreement to buy oil from the USSR. When the U.S.-owned refineries in Cuba refused to process the oil they were expropriated, and the United States broke off diplomatic relations with the Castro government soon after. To the concern of the Eisenhower administration, Cuba continued to establish closer ties with the Soviet Union. A variety of pacts were signed between Castro and Soviet Premier Khrushchev, and Cuba began to receive large amounts of economic and military aid from the USSR.
Castro as a young revolutionary
On the day after Castro had described his revolution as a socialist one, the United States sponsored an unsuccessful attack on Cuba. On April 17, 1961, a force of about 1,400 Cuban exiles, financed and trained by the CIA, landed south of Havana at the Bay of Pigs. The CIA's assumption was that the invasion would spark a popular uprising against Castro. There was, however, no such uprising, and what part of the invasion force made it ashore was captured while President Kennedy withdrew support at the last minute. Nine were executed in connection with this action. Later, in a nationally broadcast speech on December 2 that year, Castro declared that he was a Marxist-Leninist and that Cuba was going to adopt Communism.
Pope John XXIII excommunicated Castro on January 3, 1962. This was consistent with a 1949 decree by Pope Pius XII forbidding Catholics from supporting communist governments. For Castro, who had previously renounced his Roman Catholicism, this was an event of very little consequence, nor was it expected to be. It was aimed at undermining support for Castro among Catholics; however, there is little evidence that it did.
In October, 1962, the Cuban missile crisis occurred after the United States discovered the Soviet Union was actively attempting to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba. In a personal letter to Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev writen on October 27 1962 [1], Castro urged Khrushchev to take a nuclear first stike against the United States if Cuba were invaded, but Khrushchev rejected any first strike response [1].After the tensions were defused, relations between the United States and Cuba remained mutually hostile, and the CIA continued to sponsor a number of assassination schemes over the following years.
In 1976, Pierre Elliott Trudeau, then Prime Minister of Canada, made one of the first state visits to Cuba by a Western leader during the height of the American blockade and personally embraced the Cuban leader. Trudeau gave him a $4 million gift, and arranged a loan for another $10 million. In his speech Trudeau declared, "Long live Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief Fidel Castro. Long live Cuban-Canadian friendship."
On March 28, 1980, a bus of asylum seekers crashed into the Peruvian Embassy in Havana. Over 10,000 Cubans fled to the embassy within 48 hours. Castro announced on April 20 that anyone could leave by boat at the port of Mariel in Havana. Cuban exiles began sailing to Mariel in what became known as the "freedom flotilla". Over 125,000 Cubans had fled their homeland when Castro closed Mariel on Sept. 26.
Although the vast majority of Cubans who fled during the Mariel Boat Lift, were legitimate asylum seekers, Castro used the even as an opportunity to expel an estimated 20,000 convicts, homosexuals, and the insane.
Castro consolidated control of the nation by nationalizing industry, expropriating property owned by Cubans and non-Cubans alike, collectivizing agriculture, and enacting policies which he claimed would benefit the population. Many Cubans fled the country, most importantly to Miami, Florida, where they established a large, active anti-Castro community. Because of the embargo imposed by the United States, Cuba became increasingly dependent on Soviet and eastern block subsidies, worth up to one quarter of the island's gross domestic product, to finance improvements to Cuba's economic conditions. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 had severe repercussions on the Cuban economy.
The American economic sanctions, which include a general travel ban for American tourists to Cuba, have been cited by Castro supporters as major factor in Cuba's economic troubles. Regime critics and supporters of the embargo counter by pointing out that the United States is the only nation which has an embargo on Cuba, and that it is free to trade with all other nations. At the same time the United States attempts to forbid foreign subsidiaries of US companies from trading with Cuba, imposes sanctions on foreign companies that would benefit from properties which the United States alleges were taken without compensation, and restricts its own trade with smaller nations that would trade with Cuba.
Cuba is the second most popular tourist destination in the Caribbean (behind the Dominican Republic), providing it with much needed foreign currency. Cubans also receive large amounts of currency (with an estimated value of $850 million annually) from Cuban-Americans who send money back to their relatives or friends. Cuba also receives most of its energy needs in oil from Venezuela partly in exchange for Cuban medical personnel, replacing the previous long supply lines from Eastern Europe.
In recent years, Castro has invested in biotechnology to support the Cuban economy. Cuban developments in this area have stirred concern and fears around the potential for biological weapons. Thus in 2002 one of the goals of a visit by former US President, Jimmy Carter, to Cuba was to inspect Cuban genetic engineering sites. Since then, Cuban economy has benefited from both the export of medical technology and from "health tourism".
Fidel Castro and a crowd waving the Cuban flag
Education and health care were made available to all, even those living in the remotest corners of the island. UNESCO statistics confirm that Cuba's rate of basic literacy is now among the highest in Latin America.
In contrast to the situation found in many other Latin American and Caribbean nations, few Cuban children live on the streets. Infant mortality rates are the lowest in the region (and slightly lower than those in the United States), health care is excellent and all Cubans receive free milk until the age of six. Besides entertainment, Cuban television broadcasts college-level courses for the adult population.
The Cuban media often highlight the contrast between contented Cuban children and their counterparts in BogotÃÂá, Los Angeles or Buenos Aires — dealing in drugs, dragged into prostitution, or living in shanty towns.
Castro's leadership of Cuba has remained largely unchallenged, his supporters claim this because the masses -- whose living conditions they believe he improved -- rallied behind him. Castro's opponents believe his continued leadership is due to coercion and repression.
Supporters of Fidel Castro's regime point to Cuba's relatively advanced healthcare as a success of his government since it came to power in 1959. Much of the post-revolutionary rebuilding of the country focused on children. Cuban life expectancy as of 2002 is only slightly lower than the USA's.
Critics of Castro's regime allege that although Cuba's infant mortality rate is now the lowest in Latin America that was also was the case before Castro -- when, they claim, it was also the 13th lowest in the world.
It is generally acknowledged that Cuba has made substantial progress in developing pharmaceuticals. Cuba has its own portfolio of related patents and tries to market its medicine around the world.
Cuba also has improved the literacy of its people. Castro's literacy campaign focused on rural areas where literacy was very low. In a fall 1960 speech before the United Nations, Castro had announced that "Cuba will be the first country of America that, after a few months, will be able to say it does not have one illiterate person." Nearly 270,000 teachers and students were sent across the country to teach those who wanted to learn how to read and write. By 1961, Cuba's illiteracy rate had been reduced from 20 percent to 4 percent. People who completed the course were asked to send a letter to Fidel Castro as a test. Cuba's National Literacy Museum archives more than 700,000 such letters. [1]
An apparent cult of personality around Castro has arisen despite his personal attempts to discourage it. In contrast to many of the world's modern strongmen, Castro has only twice been personally featured on a Cuban stamp. In 1974 he appeared on a stamp to commemorate the visit of Leonid Brezhnev, and in 1999 he appeared on a stamp commemorating the 40th anniversary of the Revolution. There has been a much stronger tendency to encourage reverence for Cuban independence hero JosÃÂé MartÃÂàand the "martyrs" of the Cuban revolution such as Camilo Cienfuegos. Castro himself is famous for his long and detailed speeches which often last several hours and contain lots of data and historical references. He rarely appears in public without his military fatigues.
The Castro regime has been frequently accused of numerous human rights abuses, including torture, arbitrary imprisonment, unfair trials, and extra-judical executions. Many argue that several thousand unjustifed deaths have occurred under Castro's decades-long rule.
Critics also point to censorship, the lack of press freedom in Cuba, the lack of civil rights, outlawing of political opposition groups and unions, and lack of free and democratic elections.
Castro himself claims that the United States continue to engage in secret warfare against Cuba using spies and mercenaries, and that many human rights activists are in fact agents of the United States. Castro's supporters feel that Castro's often harsh measures are justified to prevent the United States from installing a foreign leader. Opposition to the regime is thus frequently portrayed as illegitimate, and being a United States-led conspiracy.
Supporters also contend that Cuba's human rights record is significantly better than that of many other countries in the Caribbean/Latin America region; this is widely debated, however, particularly in light of the many Latin American countries that returned to democracy during the 1980s and 1990s.
Early life
Foreign policy
Economic policy
Education and health care
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Literacy campaign
Popular image
Human rights
External Links