Canadian football

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Canadian football is a form of football in which two teams of twelve players each compete for territorial control of a field of play 110 yards long and 65 yards wide, with end zones 20 yards deep. At each goal line is a set of forty-foot high goalposts to uprights joined by a crossbar 18.5 feet long which is ten feet above the goal line. The goalposts may be either H-shaped (both posts fixed in the ground) or of the tuning-fork design (supported by a single curved post behind the goal line, so that each post starts ten feet above the ground). The sides of the field are marked by white sidelines, the goal line is marked in white, and white lines are drawn laterally across the field every five yards from the goal line.

Teams advance across the field through the execution of short, distinct plays, which involve the possession of a prolate spheroid ball (similar to a size 3 rugby ball). Players advance the ball by carrying it in the arms or passing it to another player (only one forward pass permitted per football play). Three attempts, or downs, are allowed to move forward ten yards, or the team with the ball must relinquish the ball to the other team.

Canadian football, like American football, distinguishes three ways of kicking the ball:

the place kick (kicking a ball held on the ground by a team mate, or, on resuming play following a score, placed on a tee)
the drop kick (kicking a ball after bouncing it on the ground; although rarely used today, it has the same status in scoring as a place kick)
the punt (kicking the ball after it has been released from the kicker's hand and before it hits the ground)

On punts and field goal attempts (but not kickoffs), members of the kicking team other than the kicker may not approach within five yards of the ball until it is or has been in the possession of the receiving team.

Play begins with one team kicking off by place kicking the ball from its 35-yard line (the line 35 yards in front of its goal line). The receiving player then attempts to advance the ball, play stopping when his knee or elbow is forced to the ground (a tackle), when a touchdown (see below) is scored, or when any other player who has obtained possession of the ball is tackled. The next play then starts from scrimmage. The imaginary field-wide line on which the ball is placed following a tackle is called the line of scrimmage. For a scrimmage to be valid the team in possession of the football must have seven players, exclusive of the quarterback, within one yard of the line of scrimmage. The defending team, however, must stay a yard or more away from the ball. These seven players assume a stance with both feet and the knuckles of one hand on the ground, except for the player in the middle of the line, the centre, whose hands instead hold the football. Play begins when the centre passes (snaps) the ball backward through his legs to the quarterback or to a punter. If the quarterback receives the ball he may then advance with the ball, pass it laterally or backwards to a teammate, punt the ball, place the ball on the ground for a place kick, or, remaining on his team's side of the line of scrimmage, pass it to a player who is on the other side of the line (a forward pass). Play ends as on the kick-off. If the punter receives the ball he usually punts it, but may use any of the options which the quarterback has. After a punt, play may also end when a single (see below) is conceded by a player on the receiving team.

Each play constitutes a down, and the team must advance ten yards towards the opponents' goal line within three downs or forfeit the ball to their opponents. Once ten yards are gained a new series of three downs is begun. When teams have not gained ten yards in two downs they usually punt the ball on third down or try to kick a field goal (see below), depending on their position on the field.

Teams may score points by:

carrying the ball across the opponents' goal line, or receiving a forward pass across the opponents' goal line in the opponents' end zone, to score a touchdown, worth six points (despite the name, the ball need not be touched down)
after a touchdown, place kicking or drop kicking the ball though the opponents' uprights from a scrimmage ten yards in front of the goal posts to score a convert or conversion, worth 1 point
at other times, place kicking or drop kicking the ball though the opponents' uprights from a scrimmage to score a field goal, worth 3 points
punting or kicking the ball through the opponents' end zone, or so that it may not be returned by an opponent receiving it in his own end zone, to score a single, worth 1 point (this score was formerly known as a rouge).

Resumption of play following a score is conducted under procedures which vary with the type of score.

Canadian football is played at several levels in Canada. The professional league in which the sport is played is the nine-team Canadian Football League (CFL). The professional champion is awarded the Grey Cup, the university champion the Vanier Cup.

Canadian football was originally called rugby football, and is a descendant of rugby union football as played in the 1870s at McGill University.

The Canadian Football League was known under various names throughout its history including the Canadian Rugby Football Union, and the Canadian Rugby Union. The Canadian Rugby Football Union, original forerunner to the current Canadian Football League was established in 1884.

The rules of the sport are very similar to American football, and the NFL has established a formal relationship with the CFL. However, there are several important differences between the games:

the field is larger, similar in size to American fields prior to 1912
twelve men a side rather than eleven
ten yards must be made in three downs rather than four
the defensive line must stay a yard away from the ball at the scrimmage
there is no fair catch; instead all players from the kicking team except the kicker and any player who was behind him when he kicked the ball may approach within five yards of the ball until it is or has been in the opponents' possession
all offensive backfield players, except the quarterback, may be in motion at the snap; players in motion may move in any direction as long as they are behind the line of scrimmage at the snap (in American football, only one backfield player is allowed to be in motion, and he cannot move toward the line of scrimmage until after the snap)
Canadian football allows each team only one thirty-second time-out in each half (however, during the last three minutes of each half the clock is stopped after every play, so that additional time-outs would be of little value)
the offensive team must run a play every 20 seconds, while in American football a 45-second interval between plays is allowed.
a kicker, or a player behind the kicker when he kicks the ball, may recover his own kick and advance with the ball.

With the larger field, greater number of players, deeper end zones, more frequent plays, clock stoppages after every play in the last three minutes of the game, returns of every punt and kick, liberalized motion rules, a yard between offensive and defensive lines at the scrimmage, and three downs instead of four, the Canadian game often features more wide-open play than seen in the American game.

Specifically, these differences diminish the value of the conservative "three-yards-and-a-cloud-of-dust" tactic that American teams sometimes employ and encourage forward passing and scoring.