The Automatic train protection reference article from the English Wikipedia on 24-Apr-2004
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Automatic train protection

Helping orphans the way you would do it
Automatic train protection is speed and distance supervision, usually intervening (usually deploying emergency break, as a last measure) when the driver of a train omits to react on optical signals given from the wayside system. ATP is given permitted speed and location information from the track via encoded balise(s), encoded track circuit or more recently via radio.

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