The 1991 reference article from the English Wikipedia on 24-Apr-2004 (provided by Fixed Reference: snapshots of Wikipedia from wikipedia.org)

1991

Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century

Decades: 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s - 1990s - 2000s 2010s 2020s 2030s 2040s

Years: 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 - 1991 - 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

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This year, like 2002, is a palindrome. It also has the same calendar as 2002, including Easter on March 31.

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Table of contents

1 Events 1.1 January 1.2 February 1.3 March 1.4 April 1.5 May-June 1.6 July-August 1.7 September 1.8 October 1.9 November-December 1.10 unknown date 2 Year in Topic 3 Births 4 Deaths 4.11 January-March 4.12 April-December 5 Nobel Prizes 6 Heads of state in 1991

Events

January

• January 2 - Sharon Pratt Dixon is sworn in as mayor of Washington, DC becoming the first black woman to lead a city of that size and importance.
• January 4 - The United Nations Security Council votes unanimously condemning Israel's treatment of Palestinians.
• January 12 - Gulf War: The United States Congress passes a resolution authorizing the use of military force to liberate Kuwait.
• January 16 - Gulf War: The air strikes against Iraq begin
• January 18 - Eastern Airlines shuts down after 62 years citing financial problems.
• January 11 - The Soviets storm Vilnius to stop Lithuanian independence.
• January 12 - Persian Gulf War: An act of the United States Congress authorizes the use of military force to drive Iraq out of Kuwait
• January 16 - Operation Desert Storm begins
• January 17 - Gulf War: Iraq fires 8 Scud missiles into Israel
• January 27 - Siad Barre flees his compound in Mogadishu

February

• February 4 - The Baseball Hall of Fame votes to ban Pete Rose
• February 5 - A Michigan court bars Dr. Jack Kevorkian from assisting in suicides
• February 7 - Haiti\'s first democratically-elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, is sworn in.
• February 9 - Voters in Lithuania vote for independence
• February 11 - UNPO, the Unrepresented Nations & People Organization forms in the Hague, Netherlands
• February 13 - Gulf War: Two laser-guided "smart bombs" destroy an underground bunker in Baghdad killing hundreds of Iraqis. Iraqi officials claim that the bunker was a bomb shelter but United States military intelligence identified it as a military facility.
• February 15 - The Visegard Agreement, establishing cooperation to move toward free-market systems, is signed by the leaders of Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland.
• February 16 - Gulf War: U.S. and U.K. war planes bomb the suburbs of Baghdad, injuring at least 11 civilians and killing three others.
• February 22 - Gulf War: Iraq accepts a Russian proposed cease fire agreement. The US rejected the agreement, but said that retreating Iraqi forces would not be attacked if they left Kuwait within 24 hours.
• February 23 - Gulf War: Ground troops cross the Saudi Arabia border and enter Kuwait, thus starting the ground-phase of the war.
• February 25 - Gulf War: An Iraqi Scud missile hits an American military barracks in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia killing 28 US Marines.
• February 26 - Gulf War: On Baghdad Radio Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein announces the withdrawal of Iraqi troops from Kuwait. Iraqi soldiers set fire to Kuwaiti oil fields as they retreat.
• February 26 - Tim Berners-Lee introduces the web browser
• February 27 - Gulf War: Kuwait is liberated, and a ceasefire is declared, after 100 hours of ground fighting. Iraq accepts the terms of the ceasefire, which call for the country to disarm.

March

• March 3 - An amateur video captures the beating of Rodney King by Los Angeles police officers.
• March 9 - Massive demonstrations are held against Slobodan Milosevic in Belgrade. Two people are killed and tanks are in the streets.
• March 10 - Gulf War: Operation Phase Echo - 540,000 American troops begin to leave the Persian Gulf.
• March 11 - A curfew is imposed on black townships in South Africa after fighting between rival political gangs killed 49.
• March 13 - The United States Department of Justice annouces that Exxon has agreed to pay $1 billion for the clean-up of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska.
• March 14 - After 16 years in prison for allegedly bombing a pub in an Irish Republican Army attack, the "Birmingham Six" are freed when a court determines that the police fabricated evidence.
• March 15 - Four Los Angeles, California police officers are indicted for the videotaped March 3, 1991 beating of motorist Rodney King during an arrest.
• March-April - Iraqi forces suppress rebellions in the southern and northern parts of the country, creating a humanitarian disaster on the borders of Turkey and Iran
• March 31 - The Warsaw Pact comes to an end.

April

• April 3 - Iraq disarmament crisis: The U.N. Security Council passes the Cease Fire Agreement, Resolution 687. The resolution called for the destruction, or removal of all of Iraq's chemical and biological weapons, all stocks of agents and components, all research, development, support and manufacturing facilities for ballistic missiles with a range greater than 150km and production facilities, and end its support for international terrorism. Iraq accepts the terms of the resolution on April 6.
• April 4 - Senator John Heinz of Pennsylvania and six others are killed when a helicopter collided with their plane over Merion, Pennsylvania.
• April 18 - Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraq declares some of its chemical weapons and materials to the UN, as required by Resolution 687, and claims that it does not have biological weapons program.
• April 26 - Tornadoes break out in the central United States. The most notable tornado of the day was the one that hit in Andover, Kansas. The outbreak of nearly seventy tornadoes killed 17 people in Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. The tornado that hit Andover was the only F5 of the year. (see The Andover, Kansas Tornado)

May-June

• May 15 - Edith Cresson becomes France's first female premier
• May 16 - Queen Elizabeth II gives a speech to the US Congress.
• May 19 - Willy T. Ribbs became the first African-American driver to qualify for the Indianapolis 500.
• May 21 - In Madras, former Indian prime minister Rajiv Gandhi is assassinated by a terrorist bomb hidden in a bouquet of flowers.
• May 26 - In Thailand, a Lauda Air Boeing 767 crashes near Bangkok killing all 223 people on-board.
• June 23-28 - Iraq disarmament crisis: U.N. inspection teams attempt to intercept Iraqi vehicles carrying nuclear related equipment. Iraqi soldiers fire warning shots in the air to prevent inspectors from approaching the vehicles.
• June 25 - Croatia and Slovenia declare their independence from Yugoslavia

July-August

• July 1 - The Warsaw Pact is officially dissolved.
• July 9 - International Human Rights Federation cites human rights violations committed by police and military personnel during Oka crisis in Quebec.
• July 10 - Boris Yeltsin begins his 5-year term as the first elected president of Russia.
• July 22 - Serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer is arrested after the remains of 11 men and boys are found in his Milwaukee, Wisconsin apartment.
• August 6 - Tim Berners-Lee releases files describing his idea for the "World Wide Web."
• August 18 - Collapse of the Soviet Union: Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev is put under house arrest while he was vacationing in the Crimea. The coup was led by eight high-ranking hard-liners (the coup will collapse in less than 72 hours).
• August 20 - Collapse of the Soviet Union: Estonia declares its independence from the Soviet Union and more than 100,000 people rally outside the Soviet Union's parliament building protesting the coup that deposed President Mikhail Gorbachev.
• August 21 - Latvia declares its independence from the Soviet Union

September

• September 3 - In Hamlet, North Carolina, a grease fire breaks out at the Imperial Foods chicken processing plant, killing 25 people.
• September 6 - The Soviet Union recognizes the independence of the Baltic States.
• September 6 - The name Saint Petersburg is restored to Russia's second largest city, which had been renamed "Leningrad" in 1924.
• September 21-30 - Iraq disarmament crisis: IAEA inspectors discover files on Iraq's hiden nuclear weapons program. Iraqi officials confiscate documents from UN weapons inspectors, and refuse to allow them to leave the site without turning over other documents. A four-day standoff ensues. Iraq permits the team to leave with the documents after a statement from the UN Security Council threatens enforcement actions.

• December 1 - Cold War: Ukrainian voters overwhelmingly approve a referendum for independence from the Soviet Union.

October

• October 8 - The Croatian Parliament cuts all remaining ties with Yugoslavia.
• October 11 - Iraq disarmament crisis: The U.N. Security Council passes Resolution 715, which demands that Iraq "accept unconditionally the inspectors and all other personnel designated by the Special Commission". Iraq rejects the resolution, calling it "unlawful".
• October 15 - Following a bitter confirmation hearing that involved allegations of sexual misconduct, the United States Senate votes 52 to 48 to confirm Judge Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court of the United States.
• October 20 - Oakland Hills firestorm kills 25 and destroys 3469 homes and apartments
• October 29 - The American Galileo spacecraft makes its closest approach to 951 Gaspra, becoming the first probe to visit an asteroid.
• Winter - Centennial of Basketball

November-December

• November 14 - American and British authorities announce indictments against two Libyan intelligence officials in connection with the downing of the Pan Am Flight 103.
• November 14 - Cambodian Prince Norodom Sihanouk returns to Phnom Penh after 13 years of exile.
• November 18 - Shiite Muslim kidnappers in Lebanon set Anglican Church envoys Terry Waite and Thomas Sutherland free.
• November 27 - The United Nations Security Council unanimously adopts UN Security Council Resolution 721, leading the way to the establishment of peacekeeping operations in Yugoslavia. [1]
• December 4 - Journalist Terry Anderson is released after a seven years' captivity as a hostage in Beirut (he was the last and longest-held American hostage in Lebanon).
• December 4 - Pan Am Airlines ends operations.
• December 25 - Mikhail Gorbachev resigns as president of the Soviet Union
• December 26 - Supreme Soviet meets and formally dissolves the USSR
• December 31 The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics officially ceases to exist

unknown date

• Linus Torvalds releases the Linux kernel
• Carbon nanotubes discovered by Sumio Iijima
• Exhumation of US President Zachary Taylor to discover whether or not his death was caused by arsenic poisoning, instead of acute gastrointestinal illness. No trace of arsenic is found.

Year in Topic

• 1991 in film
  • ''
  • ''The Silence of the Lambs
• 1991 in literature
• 1991 in music
• 1991 in sports
• 1991 in television
• 1991 in video games and computing
• Knowledge Adventure founded by Bill Gross
• June 23 - Sonic the Hedgehog is released for the Sega Genesis in North America. The European Megadrive version would be released later that month.
  • July 26 - Sonic the Hedgehog is released for the Sega Megadrive in Japan
  • September 1 - The Super Nintendo Entertainment System is released in North America.
• October 23 - Sonic the Hedgehog Master System version is released in Brazil.
  • December 28 - Sonic the Hedgehog Game Gear version is released in Japan. The North American and European releases follow during the same month.

Births

• April 4 - Jamie Spears, television show host

Deaths

January-March

• January 17 - King Olav V of Norway
• January 18 - Leo Hurwitz, documentary film producer
• January 29 - Yasushi Inoue, historian
• January 30 - John Bardeen, physicist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics twice
• January 30 - John McIntire, actor
• February 5 - Dean Jagger, actor
• February 6 - Danny Thomas, singer, comedian, actor
• February 11 - Oscar Nitzchke, German architect
• February 21 - Dame Margot Fonteyn, ballet dancer
• February 24 - George Gobel, comedian
• February 24 - John Daly, journalist, game show host
• March 2 - Serge Gainsbourg, singer
• March 3 - Arthur Murray, dancer, dance instructor
• March 14 - Doc Pomus, composer
• March 14 - Howard Ashman, lyricist
• March 29 - Lee Atwater, Republican advisor

April-December

• April 1 - Martha Graham, dancer, choreographer
• April 3 - Graham Greene, writer
• April 4 - H. John Heinz III, member U.S. Senate in a plane crash
• April 4 - Forrest Towns, American hurdler
• April 26 - Carmine Coppola, composer, conductor
• April 26 - William Andrew Paton, accountant and economist
• May 22 - Derrick Henry Lehmer, mathematician
• May 27 - Leopold Nowak, musicologist
• August 13 - James Roosevelt, American businessman, politician
• August 30 - Jean Tinguely, kinetic artist
• September 26 - Miles Davis, musician (b. 1926)
• November 15 - Alger Hiss, former U.S. State Department official
• November 24 - Freddie Mercury, singer, Queen frontman
• December 16 - Horatio Luro, Hall of Fame racehorse trainer

Nobel Prizes

• Physics - Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
• Chemistry - Richard R. Ernst
• Medicine - Erwin Neher, Bert Sakmann
• Literature - Nadine Gordimer
• Peace - Aung San Suu Kyi
• Economics - Ronald Coase

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