1816 incumbents

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1815 incumbents - Events of 1816 - 1817 incumbents - Incumbents by year

Abkhazia - Safar Begi, Prince of Abkhazia (1810-1821)
Afghanistan - Mahmud Shah, King of Kabul, Herat, Kandahar, and Peshawar (1809-1818)
Andorra - Louis XVIII, King of France (1815-1824); Francesc Antoni de la DueÃÂÃÂ±a y Cisneros, Bishop of Urgel (1797-1816)
Anhalt-Bernburg - Alexius, Duke of Anhalt-Bernburg (1806-1834, Prince 1796-1806)
Anhalt-Dessau - Leopold III, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau (1807-1817, Prince 1751-1807)
Anhalt-KÃÂÃÂ¶then - Ludwig II, Duke of Anhalt-KÃÂÃÂ¶then (1812-1818)
Araucania - Unknown; independent by treaty with Spain
Argentina - Ignacio ÃÂÃÂlvarez Thomas (1815-Apr. 16, 1816), Antonio GonzÃÂÃÂ¡lez Balcarce (to Jul. 9), Juan MartÃÂÃÂn de PueyrredÃÂÃÂ³n (to 1819), Supreme Directors of Argentina
Austria - Franz I, Emperor of Austria (1804-1835)
Azerbaijan - Existed as various cities/districts, with the rest under Russia's control:
- Nakhchiwan - Karim Khan Kangarli?, Khan of Nakhchiwan
- Qarabagh - Mahdi Quli Khan Muzaffar, Khan of Qarabagh (1806-1822)
- Quba - Husayn Khan, Khan of Quba (1806-1816)
- Shakki - Isma'il Khan, Khan of Shakki (1815-1819)
- Shamakha - Mustafa Khan, Khan of Shamakha (1796-1820)
Baden - Karl Ludwig, Grand Duke of Baden (1811-1818)
Bahrain - Shiekh Sulman ibn Ahmad Al Khalifah, Ruler of Bahrain (1796-1825)
Bavaria - Maximilian I, King of Bavaria (1805-1825)
Bhutan - Jigme Dragpa II, Spiritual Ruler of Bhutan (1791-1830); Sonam Drugyal, Ruler of Bhutan (1815-1819)
Brazil -
1. Maria I, Queen of Brazil (1815-1816)
2. JoÃÂÃÂ£o VI, King of Brazil (1816-1826, regent for incapacitated queen, 1815-1816)
Brunei - Muhammad Khanzul Alam, Sultan of Brunei (1807-1828)
Brunswick - Karl II, Duke of Brunswick (1815-1831)
Burma - Bodawphaya, King of Awa (1782-1819)
Burundi - Ntare IV Rugamba, King of Burundi (c 1796-c.1850)
Cambodia - Ang Chan II, King of Cambodia (1813-1834)
China - Yongyan, Emperor of China (1796-1820
Croatia - Ignjat Gyulay Maros-Nemeth, Ban of Croatia (1806-1831)
Denmark - Frederik VI, King of Denmark (1808-1839)
- Danish Gold Coast - Christian SchiÃÂÃÂ¸nning, Governor of the Danish Gold Coast (1807-1817)
- Greenland - Marcus Nissen Myhlenphort, Inspector of South Greenland (1802-1821); Peter Hanning Motzfeldt, Inspector of North Greenland (1803-1817)
Easter Islands - Unknown
Ethiopia - Egwale Seyon Hezqeyas, Emperor of Ethiopia (1801-1818)
Faeroe Islands - Emilius Marius Georgius LÃÂÃÂ¸bner, Prefect of the Faeroe Islands (1816-1825)
Fiji - Naulivou, Ruler of Fiji (1803-1829)
Finland - Alexander I, Grand Duke of Finland (1809-1825)
France - Louis XVIII, King of France (1815-1824)
- Guadeloupe - Antoine Philippe de Lardenoy, Governor of Guadeloupe (1816-1823)
Guastalla - Maria Luigia, Duchess of Guastalla (1814-1847)
Hanover - Georg III, King of Hanover (1814-1820)
Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine - Ludwig I, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine (1806-1830)
Electorate of Hesse - Wilhelm I, Elector of Hesse (1813-1821)
Hesse-Homburg - Friedrich V, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg (1751-1820)
Hohenzollern-Hechingen - Friedrich, Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen (1810-1838)
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen - Anton, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1785-1831)
Japan - Tomohito, Emperor of Japan (1780-1817)
Korea - Yi Kwang, King of the Great Choson Empire (1800-1834)
Kuwait - Sheikh Jabir ibn Abdullah Al Sabah, Ruler of Kuwait (1814-1859)
Laos - Anuvong, King of Laos (1803-1828)
Lauenburg - Frederick VI of Denmark, Duke of Lauenburg (1815-1839)
Liechtenstein - Johann I, Prince of Liechtenstein (1813-1836)
Lippe - Leopold II, Prince of Lippe (1802-1851)
Lucca - Maria Luisa, Duchess of Lucca (1817-1824)
Luxembourg - Guillaume I, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (1815-1840)
Maldives - Mu'in ad-Din I Muhammad, Sultan of the Maldives (1799-1835)
Massa and Carrara - Maria Beatrice Riccardia III, Duchess of Massa and Princess of Carrara (1814-1829)
Mayotte - Suhali bin Salim, Sultan of Mayotte (1807-1817)
Mecklenburg-Schwerin - Friedrich Franz I, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1815-1837, Duke 1785-1815)
Mecklenburg-Strelitz -
1. Karl II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1815-1816, Duke 1794-1815)
2. Georg, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1816-1860)
Modena - Francesco IV, Duke of Modena and Reggio (1814-1831)
Mogul Empire - Mo'in ad-Din Abu'n Nasr Mohammad Akbar Padshah Saheb Qiran-e Sani, Emperor of India (1806-1837)
Monaco - HonorÃÂÃÂ© IV, Prince of Monaco (1814-1819)
Morocco - AbuÃÂÃÂ´r-Rabi Sulayman, Sultan of Morocco (1792-1822)
Naples - Ferdinand IV, King of Naples (1815-1816, then King of the Two Sicilies)
Nassau -
1. Friedrich August, Duke of Nassau (1806-1816, Prince of Nassau-Usingen, 1803-1806) and Friedrich Wilhelm, Prince of Nassau (1806-1816, Prince of Nassau-Weilburg (1788-1806)
2. Friedrich August, Duke of Nassau (1806-1816) and Wilhelm, Prince of Nassau (1816)
3. Wilhelm, Duke of Nassau (1816-1839)
Nduzwani - Manuel Fernando Serrano, Sultan of Nduzwani (1796-1816); Abdallah bin Alawi (1816-1832)
Nepal - Rajendra Bikram Shah Deva, King of Nepal; Lalit Tripura Sundari, Regent (1806-1832)
The Netherlands - Willem I, King of the Netherlands (1815-1840)
- Aruba - Lodewijk Christoph BoyÃÂÃÂ©, Commander of Aruba (1816-1819)
- Dutch Gold Coast - Abraham de Veer, Commandant-General of the Dutch Gold Coast (1810-Mar. 1, 1816); Herman Willem Daenels, Governor-General of the Dutch Gold Coast (to 1818)
North Haiti - Henri I, King of North Haiti (1811-1820)
Norway - Karl II, King of Norway (1814-1818)
Oldenburg - Wilhelm, Duke of Oldenburg (1813-1823)
Oman - Sa'id II ibn Sultan, Sultan of Oman (1804-1856)
Ottoman Empire - Mahmud II, Sultan (1808-1839)
- Athos - Kyrillos VI, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (1813-1818)
- Kel Ahaggar - Ag Mama ag Sidi, Ruler of Kel Ahaggar (1790-1830)
Papal States - Pope Pius VII (1800-1823)
Paraguay - JosÃÂÃÂ© Gaspar RodrÃÂÃÂguez de Francia, Supreme Dictator of Paraguay (1814-1840)
Parma - Maria Luigia, Duchess of Parma and Piacenza (1814-1847)
Persia - Fath Ali Qajar, Shah of Persia (1797-1834)
Piedmont-Sardinia - Victor Emmanuel I, King of Sardinia (1802-1821)
Poland - Alexander I of Russia, King of Poland (1815-1825)
Portugal -
1. Maria I, Queen of Portugal (1777-Mar. 20, 1816)
2. JoÃÂÃÂ£o VI, King of Portugal (to 1826)
- - Angola - LuÃÂÃÂs da Mota FÃÂÃÂªo e Torres, Governor of Angola (1816-1819)
  - Cape Verde - AntÃÂÃÂ³nio Coutinho de Lencastre, Governor of Cape Verde (1803-1818)
    - Bissau - AntÃÂÃÂ³nio Cardoso Figueiredo, Captain-Major of Bissau
    - Cacheu - Unknown
  - East Timor - JosÃÂÃÂ© Pinto Alcoforado de Azevedo e Sousa, Governor of East Timor (1815-1819)
  - French Guiana - JoÃÂÃÂ£o Severiano Maciel da Costa, Governor of French Guiana (1809-1817); also technically owned by Spain
  - Macau - Lucas JosÃÂÃÂ© de Alvarenga, Governor of Macau (1814-1817)
Prussia - Friedrich Wilhelm III, King of Prussia (1797-1840)
Reuss-Ebersdorf - Heinrich LI, Prince of Reuss-Ebersdorf (1806-1822, Count 1779-1806)
Reuss-Lobenstein - Heinrich LIV, Prince of Reuss-Lobenstein (1805-1824)
Reuss-Schleiz-Gera - Heinrich XLII, Prince of Reuss-Schleiz-Gera (1806-1818, Count 1802-1806)
Reuss Senior Line - Heinrich XIII, Prince of Reuss Senior Line (1800-1817)
Russia - Alexander I, Emperor of Russia (1801-1825)
Rwanda - Mutara II Rwogera, King of Rwanda (1802-1853)
Samoa - Unknown
San Marino - Francesco Maria Belluzzi and Filippo Filippi (Oct. 1815 - Apr. 1816), Camillo Bonelli and Pietro Berti (Apr. 1816 - Oct. 1816), Luigi Giannini and Matteo Martelli (Oct. 1816 - Apr. 1817), Captains-Regent of San Marino
Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld - Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (1806-1826, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1826-1844)
Saxe-Gotha - August, Duke of Saxe-Gotha (1804-1822)
Saxe-Hildburghausen - Friedrich, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen (1780-1826, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg 1826-1834)
Saxe-Meiningen - Bernhard II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen (1803-1866)
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach - Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1815-1828, Duke 1758-1815)
Saxony - Friedrich August I, King of Saxony (1806-1827)
Schaumburg-Lippe - Georg I Wilhelm, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe (1807-1860, Count 1787-1807)
Schleswig-Holstein - Frederick VI of Denmark, Duke of Schleswig and Holstein (1808-1839)
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt - Friedrich GÃÂÃÂ¼nther, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (1807-1867)
Schwarzburg-Sondershausen - GÃÂÃÂ¼nther Friedrich Karl I, Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (1794-1835)
Serbia - Milos Obrenovic I, Prince of Serbia (1815-1839); technically unofficial
Sicily - Ferdinand III, King of Sicily (1759-1816, then King of the Two Sicilies)
Society Islands - Pomare II, Ruler of the Society Islands (1815-1821)
South Haiti - Alexandre PÃÂÃÂ©tion, President of South Haiti (1815-1818)
Spain - Fernando VII, King of Spain (1813-1833)
- Colombia - Francisco Montalvo y Ambulodi Arriola y Casabant Valdespino, Viceroy of Colombia (1816-1818)
- Cuba - Juan RuÃÂÃÂz de Apodaca, Governor of Cuba (1812-1816); JosÃÂÃÂ© Cienfuegos (1816-1819)
- Dominican Republic - Carlos de Urrutia y Montoya, Governor of the Dominican Republic (1813-1819)
- Equatorial Guinea - no leader at the time
- Guam - JosÃÂÃÂ© de Medinilla y Pineda, Governor of Guam (1812-1822)
Sweden - Karl XIII, King of Sweden (1809-1818)
- Saint-BarthÃÂÃÂ©lemy - Bernt Robert Gustaf Stackelberg, Governor of Saint-Barthélemy (1812-1816); Johan Samuel RosensvÃÂÃÂ¤rd, Governor of Saint-BarthÃÂÃÂ©lemy (1816-1818)
Switzerland - Hans von Reinhard, President of the Diet of the Swiss Confederation (1816)
Tibet - De-mo sPrul-sku Blo-bzang-thub-bstan-'jigs-med-rgya-mtsho, Regent Dalai Lama of Tibet (1815-1819)
Thailand - Buddha Loetla, King of Krung Thep (1809-1824)
Tuscany - Ferdinando III, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1814-1824)
Two Sicilies - Ferdinand I, King of the Two Sicilies (1816-1825, from 1759 King Ferdinand IV of Naples and King Ferdinand III of Sicily)
United Kingdom - George III, King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1760/1801-1820)
- Alderney - John Le Mesurier III, Governor of Alderney (1803-1825)
  - Sark - Pierre Le Pelley II, Seigneur of Sark (1778-1820)
- Antigua - George William Ramsay, Governor of Antigua (1816-1819)
- The Bahamas - Charles Cameron, Governor of the Bahamas (1804-1820)
- Barbados - Sir James Leith, Governor of Barbados (1815-1816)
- Belize - George Arthur, Governor of Belize (1814-1822)
- Berbice - Henry William Bentinck, Lieutenant Governor of Berbice (1814-1820)
- Bermuda - Sir James Cockburn, Governor of Bermuda (1811-1819)
- British Virgin Islands - Richard Hetherington, President of the British Virgin Islands (1811-???)
- Dominica - Charles William Maxwell, Governor of Dominica (1816-1819)
- Egypt - see at non-head of state leaders; occupied by the Ottoman Empire, France, and the United Kingdom, successively
- The Gambia - Alexander Grant, Commandant of the Gambia (1815-1829)
- Ghana - Edward White, Governor of the Committee of Merchants (1807-Apr. 21, 1816); Joseph Dawson (to 1817)
- Gibraltar - Sir George Don, Governor of Gibraltar (1814-1821)
- Grenada - George Paterson, Acting Lieutenant Governor of Grenada (1815-1816); Phineas Riall, Lieutenant Governor of Grenada (to 1823)
- Guernsey - George Pembroke, Earl of Pembroke, Governor of Guernsey (1807-1827)
- Heligoland - Charles Hamilton, Lieutenant Governor of Heligoland (1814-1817)
- Ionian Islands - Sir Thomas Maitland, Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands (1815-1823); de facto protectorate
- Jamaica - FILL THIS IN
  - Cayman Islands - William Bodden, Governor of the Cayman Islands (1776-1823)
- Leeward Islands - Sir James Leith, Governor of the Leeward Islands (1814-1816)
United Provinces of New Grenada - Presidents of New Grenada:
- Camilo Torres Tenorio (1815-Mar. 14, 1816)
- JosÃÂÃÂ© FernÃÂÃÂ¡ndez Madrid (to Jun. 22)
- Liborio MejÃÂÃÂa (to Jun. 30); acting
- Custodio GarcÃÂÃÂa Rovira (to Jul. 10)
- Manuel Fernando Serrano (last ruler)
United States - James Madison, President of the United States (1809-1817)
- See also Fourteenth United States Congress, List of United States Governors in 1816
Venezuela - SimÃÂÃÂ³n BolÃÂÃÂvar, Supreme Chief of Venezuela (1816-1819)
Vietnam - Nguyen Phuoc Noan, Emperor of Vietnam (1802-1820)
Waldeck-Pyrmont - Georg II, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont (1813-1845)
Wallachia - Ioan Gheorghe Caragea, Prince of Wallachia (1812-1818)
WÃÂÃÂ¼rttemberg -
1. Friedrich I, King of WÃÂÃÂ¼rttemberg (1806-1816)
2. Wilhelm I, King of WÃÂÃÂ¼rttemberg (1816-1864)

Non-Head of State Leaders

Alderney - Pierre Gauvin, Judge of Alderney (1807-1836); British colony
Egypt - Muhammad Ali Pasha, Governor of Egypt (1805-1848)
France - Armand Emmanuel du Plessis, duc de Richelieu, Prime Minister of France (1815-1818)
Grenada - Peter de Havilland, Bailiff of Grenada (1810-1821); British colony
Lebanon - Bashir ibn al-Qasim ibn Umar, Emir of Lebanon (1801-1821)
Norway - Crown Prince Carl Johan, Regent (1810-1818)
Réunion - Athanase Hyacinthe Bouvet de Lozier, Governor of Réunion (1815-1817)
Sweden - Crown Prince Carl Johan, Regent (1810-1818)
Tunisia - Mahmud, Bey of Tunisia (1814-1824)
United Kingdom
- HRH The Prince of Wales, Regent
- Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool, Prime Minister and First Lord of the Treasury